The 2M Antibody test is used to diagnose Masticatory Muscle Myositis (MMM), an immune-mediated myopathy primarily affecting the muscles of mastication in dogs. The condition occurs when the immune system produces antibodies targeting type 2M myofibers found exclusively in the temporal and masseter muscles, leading to inflammation, pain, and progressive muscle atrophy.

Detection of circulating 2M antibodies provides a specific and non-invasive diagnostic marker for MMM, particularly valuable in differentiating it from other causes of jaw dysfunction or generalized myopathy.

The A/G Ratio test evaluates the balance between albumin and globulin, the two major classes of serum proteins. This ratio provides important clinical insight into liver function, protein synthesis, and immune or inflammatory states. A low A/G ratio may indicate chronic inflammation, liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, or conditions causing increased globulin production such as infections or neoplasia. Conversely, a high ratio can occur with dehydration or immunodeficiency disorders leading to reduced globulin levels.

Clinically, the A/G ratio serves as a broad indicator of systemic health, helping to interpret abnormalities in protein metabolism and to differentiate between hepatic, renal, and immunologic causes of altered serum protein profiles. The test is typically derived from measurements obtained during a biochemical serum protein analysis.

This test is used to diagnose Myasthenia Gravis (MG), an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles. In affected animals, particularly dogs and occasionally cats, the immune system produces autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) located on the postsynaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions. These antibodies impair neuromuscular transmission by reducing functional receptor availability and disrupting signal conduction to muscles.

Detection of circulating AChR antibodies provides a specific and reliable diagnostic marker for acquired Myasthenia Gravis and helps distinguish it from congenital forms of the disease or other causes of generalized weakness.Sample Collection Protocol: Since this is an antibody based test, collect the serum sample PRIOR to initiation of corticosteroid or other
immunosuppressive therapy.

The endogenous ACTH test measures circulating levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and regulates cortisol production by the adrenal cortex. It plays a central role in maintaining adrenal-pituitary axis balance and is essential for diagnosing disorders of adrenal function such as hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome) and hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease).

Increased ACTH concentrations are typically associated with pituitary-dependent Cushing’s disease, whereas low or undetectable levels suggest adrenal-origin hypercortisolism due to autonomous cortisol secretion. Conversely, elevated ACTH with low cortisol supports primary adrenal insufficiency. The test, performed using immunoassay-based methods, provides a valuable tool for differentiating pituitary from adrenal causes of endocrine dysfunction and for guiding targeted therapeutic management.

The Adenovirus PCR test is used to detect canine adenovirus (CAV-1 and CAV-2), which are associated with infectious canine hepatitis and respiratory disease (kennel cough), respectively. These viruses can cause a range of clinical manifestations—from mild upper respiratory signs to severe hepatic failure—and early detection is critical for clinical management and infection control.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test identifies adenoviral DNA with high sensitivity and specificity, even in the early stages of infection or in subclinical carriers. PCR confirmation provides a definitive diagnosis, enabling veterinarians to differentiate adenoviral infections from other respiratory or hepatic pathogens and to implement appropriate isolation and vaccination strategies.

The Aerobic and Anaerobic Culture test is used to identify bacterial pathogens responsible for infectious processes by cultivating organisms under both oxygen-rich (aerobic) and oxygen-free (anaerobic) conditions. This comprehensive approach allows for the detection of a wide spectrum of bacteria, including those that thrive only in anaerobic environments and are frequently overlooked by routine culture methods.

Clinically, the test is essential for diagnosing deep tissue, abscess, wound, or systemic infections, guiding targeted antimicrobial therapy, and monitoring treatment efficacy. Differentiating between aerobic and anaerobic flora provides valuable insight into infection origin and severity, particularly in polymicrobial infections. Results from this culture are critical for selecting the most effective antibiotic regimen and improving clinical outcomes. Aerobic culture includes organism ID and sensitivities.
Test specificity: Anaerobic culture includes organism ID only.
Sample submission protocol: Indicate source of specimen, clinical history, antimicrobial therapy (for follow-up test), and suspected disease.
Collect specimen prior to antimicrobial therapy if possible.
Storage: Refrigerate swab if transport will be delayed over 48 hours. Refrigerate tissue and fluid; ship on ice.

The Aerobic Culture and Sensitivities test is used to identify bacterial pathogens that grow in the presence of oxygen and to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility profile. By isolating and characterizing aerobic bacteria from clinical samples, this test provides essential information for diagnosing infections of the skin, urinary tract, respiratory system, wounds, and other tissues.

The culture component confirms the presence and type of bacterial infection, while the sensitivity (antibiotic susceptibility) testing evaluates the effectiveness of specific antimicrobial agents against the isolated organism. Clinically, this combined approach supports evidence-based treatment selection, reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance, and enhances therapeutic success by ensuring that prescribed medications target the identified pathogen effectively.

This comprehensive test is designed to detect and identify both bacterial and fungal pathogens in clinical specimens. The aerobic culture component isolates bacteria that thrive in oxygenated environments, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing to determine the most effective treatment options. The fungal culture simultaneously screens for yeast and mold species that may contribute to infection, particularly in chronic, refractory, or mixed microbial conditions.

Clinically, this combined assay is crucial for diagnosing complex or persistent infections, where bacterial and fungal organisms coexist or mimic each other’s clinical presentations. It supports precise identification of the infectious agent and guides targeted antimicrobial and antifungal therapy, improving treatment outcomes and minimizing unnecessary or ineffective drug use. Samples for invasive systemic fungi should also be submitted for Histopathology or Cytology.

The Albumin test measures the concentration of albumin, the most abundant plasma protein produced by the liver, which plays a vital role in maintaining oncotic pressure and transporting hormones, drugs, and metabolites. Clinically, albumin levels provide important insight into hepatic function, nutritional status, and protein-losing conditions.

Decreased albumin concentrations (hypoalbuminemia) may indicate chronic liver disease, protein-losing enteropathy or nephropathy, inflammation, or malnutrition, whereas elevated levels are uncommon and typically reflect dehydration. As part of a biochemical profile, serum albumin serves as a key marker of systemic health, helping clinicians assess disease severity, monitor response to therapy, and differentiate between hepatic and renal causes of protein loss.

The Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) test measures the activity of a group of enzymes present in liver, bone, intestine, and other tissues, providing valuable insight into hepatobiliary and skeletal health. Elevated ALP activity is most commonly associated with cholestasis, hepatic injury, corticosteroid induction (especially in dogs), or increased bone turnover such as during growth, fracture healing, or bone neoplasia.

Clinically, ALP is used as a sensitive indicator of biliary obstruction or hepatic enzyme induction, often interpreted alongside other liver enzymes (ALT, GGT) for diagnostic clarity. Persistent or markedly elevated ALP levels warrant further investigation to differentiate between hepatic, endocrine, or osteogenic origins, aiding in early detection and management of underlying disease processes.

The steroid-induced Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) test evaluates the isoenzyme fraction of ALP that is specifically induced by corticosteroids, either endogenous (as in hyperadrenocorticism) or exogenous (from glucocorticoid therapy). This isoenzyme is particularly significant in dogs, where corticosteroid exposure stimulates hepatic synthesis of a distinct ALP form, leading to elevated total ALP levels independent of primary liver disease.

Clinically, the test assists in distinguishing steroid-related enzyme induction from hepatobiliary pathology, supporting the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome (hyperadrenocorticism) and assessing the physiological response to glucocorticoid administration. Measuring this isoenzyme provides a specific indicator of corticosteroid influence on hepatic metabolism, enhancing diagnostic accuracy when interpreting elevated ALP activity in canine patients.

The Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test measures the activity of a hepatocellular enzyme primarily found in the cytoplasm of liver cells, making it one of the most sensitive and specific indicators of hepatocellular injury in dogs and cats. ALT is released into the bloodstream following liver cell damage caused by hepatitis, toxins, hypoxia, metabolic disturbances, or trauma.

Clinically, elevated ALT activity signifies active liver cell injury rather than hepatic function loss and often precedes the appearance of clinical symptoms. Persistent or progressive increases suggest ongoing hepatocellular damage, whereas declining levels during treatment may indicate recovery. In combination with other liver enzyme tests (ALP, AST, GGT), ALT provides a more complete assessment of hepatic integrity and disease progression.

The Amylase test measures the activity of an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, produced mainly by the pancreas and, to a lesser extent, the small intestine and liver. It is commonly used as an indicator of pancreatic function and injury, particularly in cases of suspected pancreatitis.

Clinically, elevated serum amylase activity may suggest acute pancreatic inflammation, obstruction of pancreatic ducts, or decreased renal clearance, though interpretation should always be made in conjunction with lipase levels and clinical findings. While increases are not exclusively specific to pancreatic disease, amylase remains a supportive biochemical marker for evaluating gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders in small animals.

The Anaerobic Culture (Organism ID Only) test is performed to detect and identify bacterial species that grow exclusively in oxygen-free environments. Anaerobic bacteria are commonly implicated in deep tissue, abscess, oral, and gastrointestinal infections, often producing chronic or foul-smelling lesions that fail to respond to routine antibiotic therapy.

This test focuses on the isolation and identification of anaerobic organisms without performing antibiotic susceptibility testing. Clinically, it aids in confirming the presence and type of anaerobic infection, supporting diagnosis and guiding therapeutic decisions based on typical drug response profiles. Identification of specific pathogens such as Clostridium, Bacteroides, or Fusobacterium species provides valuable insight into the source, severity, and progression of infection.

The Anaplasma marginale PCR test is used to detect the DNA of Anaplasma marginale, the rickettsial bacterium responsible for bovine anaplasmosis, a disease that causes hemolytic anemia in cattle. The organism infects red blood cells, leading to their destruction and resulting in clinical signs such as fever, weakness, jaundice, and reduced productivity.

PCR technology enables highly sensitive and specific detection of A. marginale in both acute and carrier animals, often before microscopic examination can identify infection. Clinically, this assay is vital for confirming active infection, screening carrier animals, and supporting herd health management. Early and accurate detection through PCR facilitates timely treatment and effective control measures to reduce transmission within herds.

The Anaplasma phagocytophilum PCR test is used to detect the DNA of A. phagocytophilum, the causative agent of canine and equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, as well as tick-borne fever in ruminants. This intracellular bacterium infects neutrophils, leading to impaired immune function and clinical signs such as fever, lethargy, anorexia, lameness, and thrombocytopenia.

PCR provides a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for confirming infection, particularly during the acute phase when antibody levels may still be low or undetectable by serology. Clinically, the test supports the diagnosis of tick-borne disease, facilitates early therapeutic intervention with appropriate antimicrobials, and assists in differentiating A. phagocytophilum infection from other vector-borne or hematologic conditions with overlapping clinical presentations.

The Anaplasma spp. PCR test is designed to detect DNA from multiple species within the Anaplasma genus, including A. phagocytophilum, A. platys, and A. marginale, which are responsible for tick-borne infections affecting red and white blood cells in various animal species. These pathogens can cause fever, lethargy, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and joint pain, with clinical severity depending on the host species and immune status.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), this assay provides high sensitivity and specificity for identifying active infection, even during the early or subclinical stages when blood smears may appear normal. Clinically, it aids in the diagnosis and differentiation of vector-borne diseases, supports treatment planning, and contributes to epidemiological monitoring of tick-borne pathogens in companion and production animals.

The Animal DNA Fingerprinting test provides a unique genetic profile for individual identification, using highly polymorphic regions of the genome known as microsatellites (short tandem repeats, STRs). This molecular method generates a distinct DNA pattern for each animal, functioning as a genetic “fingerprint” that remains stable throughout life.

Clinically and practically, DNA fingerprinting is applied in parentage verification, identity confirmation, pedigree validation, and forensic investigations involving animal samples. It is particularly valuable for breeding programs, ownership disputes, and wildlife conservation efforts, ensuring genetic integrity and traceability. The test utilizes PCR amplification and fragment analysis to achieve high accuracy, reproducibility, and discrimination between individuals, even among closely related animals.

The Animal DNA Sexing test determines the genetic sex of an animal by identifying sex-specific DNA sequences, X and Y (in mammals) chromosomes. This molecular approach provides a fast, accurate, and non-invasive alternative to traditional methods, which may be unreliable or impractical in young or sexually monomorphic species.

The Animal Fungal Infection Profile (PCR) is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of major systemic fungal pathogens, including Aspergillus spp., Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Histoplasma capsulatum. These organisms are responsible for serious respiratory and disseminated fungal infections in animals, particularly dogs and cats, and may present with non-specific clinical signs such as fever, weight loss, coughing, or lethargy.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test allows for rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of fungal DNA in clinical specimens—often before culture results are available. Clinically, it plays a crucial role in early diagnosis, differentiation between fungal pathogens, and timely initiation of antifungal therapy, improving prognosis in cases of invasive mycoses.

The Animal Parentage test determines genetic relationships between offspring and potential parents by analyzing specific regions of DNA known as microsatellites (short tandem repeats, STRs). Each animal inherits a unique combination of alleles from its sire and dam, allowing precise verification of parentage with a high degree of statistical confidence.

Clinically and practically, this test is essential for breeding programs, pedigree certification, and genetic management, ensuring the accuracy of lineage records and preventing inbreeding. It is also used for dispute resolution, registry verification, and conservation breeding in endangered species. The assay is based on PCR amplification and genotyping of multiple genetic loci, providing a robust and reliable method for confirming biological relationships across a wide range of animal species. The parentage DNA test usually requires samples be submitted from the sires, the dam, and the offspring in question. However, submissions containing only samples from the sires and offspring will also be accepted
where a sample from the dam cannot be obtained. It is recommended that all offspring be tested due to the
possibility of a litter having multiple sires.

The Animal Skin Infection Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the most common infectious agents responsible for dermatologic disease in animals. This test simultaneously screens for fungal dermatophytes causing ringworm (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), as well as ectoparasitic mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex spp., which are frequent causes of pruritus, alopecia, and dermatitis.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this profile provides rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of each pathogen directly from skin or hair samples. Clinically, it allows for accurate differentiation between fungal and parasitic infections, guiding appropriate antifungal or acaricidal therapy and reducing the risk of misdiagnosis or unnecessary treatment. The test is particularly useful in chronic or atypical dermatologic cases where multiple pathogens may be involved.

The Animal Skin Infection Profile with Fungal Culture combines molecular detection and classical microbiological techniques to provide a comprehensive assessment of common infectious causes of skin disease in animals. This panel detects dermatophyte fungi causing ringworm (Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes), as well as ectoparasitic mites such as Sarcoptes scabiei and Demodex spp., using highly sensitive PCR-based assays. In addition, the inclusion of a fungal culture allows for species isolation and morphological confirmation of dermatophyte infections.

Clinically, this combined approach enhances diagnostic accuracy by identifying both active infections and viable fungal organisms, helping to differentiate between fungal and parasitic causes of dermatitis. It is particularly valuable in chronic, recurrent, or mixed infections, supporting targeted therapy, infection control, and monitoring of treatment response.

The Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) test is used to detect autoantibodies directed against nuclear components of the cell, serving as a key diagnostic marker for systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-like syndromes, immune-mediated polyarthritis, and other multisystemic inflammatory disorders in animals.

Clinically, the presence of ANAs indicates loss of immunologic tolerance to self-antigens, leading to immune-mediated tissue injury. The test helps differentiate autoimmune disease from infectious or neoplastic conditions presenting with similar systemic signs. Performed using indirect immunofluorescence or ELISA, ANA testing provides a sensitive screening tool for autoimmune activity, particularly when interpreted alongside clinical findings and other serologic or inflammatory markers.

The Aspergillus spp. PCR test is designed to detect the DNA of fungal organisms belonging to the Aspergillus genus, which are responsible for aspergillosis, a potentially serious infection affecting the respiratory tract and other organs in animals, particularly dogs and birds. The disease can manifest as nasal, systemic, or localized infection, often leading to chronic nasal discharge, sneezing, or disseminated illness in immunocompromised hosts.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay allows for highly sensitive and specific detection of Aspergillus DNA, even in early or subclinical stages when culture may yield negative results. Clinically, PCR confirmation aids in the rapid diagnosis and differentiation of fungal respiratory disease, guiding timely initiation of antifungal therapy and improving prognosis in affected animals.

The Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test measures the activity of an intracellular enzyme found in liver, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissues, providing valuable information about cellular integrity and tissue injury. Unlike ALT, AST is not liver-specific; thus, its elevation indicates hepatocellular, muscular, or cardiac damage, depending on clinical context and concurrent test results.

Clinically, increased AST activity is observed in cases of hepatic necrosis, muscle inflammation or trauma, and hemolytic conditions. When interpreted alongside ALT and creatine kinase (CK) levels, it helps differentiate hepatic from muscular sources of enzyme elevation. Persistent or marked increases may suggest ongoing or systemic tissue injury, making AST an important biomarker in evaluating liver and muscle disease progression or recovery.

The Autoantibody (T3/T4) test detects autoantibodies directed against the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which may interfere with normal thyroid hormone function and laboratory measurement. The presence of these antibodies is associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders, including lymphocytic thyroiditis and autoimmune hypothyroidism, most commonly seen in dogs.

Clinically, detection of T3/T4 autoantibodies assists in identifying immune-mediated thyroid disease and in distinguishing true hypothyroidism from assay interference due to antibody binding. This test supports accurate interpretation of thyroid hormone assays and helps confirm autoimmune involvement in cases of abnormal thyroid function tests. It is an important adjunct in the evaluation of canine thyroid disorders where standard hormone measurements appear inconsistent with clinical signs.

The Avian Biochemistry Panel provides a comprehensive assessment of metabolic and organ function in birds, evaluating critical parameters such as albumin, globulin, total protein, glucose, AST, bile acids, creatine kinase (CK), potassium, sodium, phosphorus, calcium, and uric acid. This profile offers a broad overview of hepatic, renal, muscular, and metabolic health, enabling early detection of systemic disease or nutritional imbalance.

Clinically, the panel aids in diagnosing hepatic dysfunction, dehydration, renal impairment, electrolyte disturbances, and muscle injury, which are common yet often nonspecific in avian patients. Evaluation of bile acids assists in detecting liver disease, while CK and AST levels indicate muscle or hepatic cell damage. Combined interpretation of protein and electrolyte values supports monitoring of overall physiological stability, making this panel an essential tool for routine health screening, pre-anesthetic evaluation, and disease investigation in avian medicine.

The Avian Bornavirus (ABV) PCR test is used to detect the genetic material of Avian Bornavirus, the causative agent of Proventricular Dilatation Disease (PDD) in parrots and other psittacine birds. This neurotropic virus targets the central and peripheral nervous systems, leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction, weight loss, regurgitation, and neurological signs such as ataxia or tremors.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of ABV RNA in swab, tissue, or fecal samples. Clinically, PCR allows for early diagnosis and confirmation of infection, even in asymptomatic carriers, supporting quarantine, management, and breeding decisions. Because ABV infections can be intermittent, repeated testing may be recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy and to monitor disease progression within avian populations.

The Avian Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a fundamental hematologic test that provides a comprehensive evaluation of the cellular components of avian blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and thrombocytes. It is essential for assessing overall health status, immune function, and the presence of infection, inflammation, anemia, or hematopoietic disorders in birds.

Clinically, the CBC offers valuable insight into systemic disease processes—such as bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections—and assists in monitoring response to therapy and identifying subclinical illness. Interpretation of avian hematology requires species-specific reference ranges and manual cell morphology evaluation due to the unique characteristics of avian blood cells. As part of a diagnostic workup, the avian CBC is a key tool for preventive health screening, pre-anesthetic assessment, and ongoing medical management in both companion and collection birds.

The Avian DNA Fingerprinting test generates a unique genetic profile for individual birds by analyzing polymorphic regions of DNA known as microsatellites (short tandem repeats, STRs). This genetic “fingerprint” remains constant throughout the bird’s life and can be used to confirm identity and verify relationships with a high degree of accuracy.

Clinically and practically, DNA fingerprinting is widely used for parentage verification, individual identification, and pedigree confirmation in aviculture and conservation breeding programs. It also plays a role in wildlife forensics and species management, ensuring genetic traceability and preventing substitution or misidentification. The test employs PCR amplification and fragment analysis to provide precise, reproducible results applicable to a wide range of avian species.

The Avian DNA Relation test estimates the degree of genetic relatedness between two or more birds by analyzing shared DNA markers across polymorphic regions such as microsatellites (short tandem repeats, STRs). Unlike parentage testing, this assay does not identify specific parent–offspring relationships but instead calculates a relationship grade or percentage, indicating the likelihood of genetic similarity (e.g., close kin, half-related, or unrelated).

Clinically and practically, this test is valuable for breeding management, population genetics, and conservation studies, where assessing genetic diversity and relatedness helps maintain healthy breeding lines and avoid inbreeding. The analysis is performed using PCR-based genotyping, providing an accurate and reproducible estimate of genetic relatedness among individuals within a flock or breeding population.

The Avian DNA Sexing test determines the genetic sex of a bird by detecting sex-specific DNA sequences located on the Z and W chromosomes. Because many bird species are sexually monomorphic, traditional visual or behavioral methods cannot reliably distinguish males from females. DNA-based testing provides a fast, accurate, and non-invasive solution for determining sex at any age.

The assay uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify sex-linked gene markers, allowing for precise identification of male (ZZ) and female (ZW) genotypes. Clinically and practically, DNA sexing is essential for breeding management, population studies, and behavioral research, supporting accurate pairing, reproductive planning, and record keeping in both companion birds and conservation programs.

The Avian General Profile (PCR) is a molecular diagnostic panel designed to screen for the most significant viral and bacterial pathogens affecting birds. These agents are responsible for highly contagious and often fatal diseases that can cause systemic illness, feather and beak abnormalities, respiratory distress, and hepatic or neurological signs.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this profile allows for rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of each pathogen’s genetic material, even in subclinical carriers. Clinically, the test supports early diagnosis, quarantine screening, and disease control, making it essential for avian health monitoring, pre-purchase examinations, and breeding colony management. Early detection through PCR testing helps prevent transmission and improves the success of flock health programs.

The Avian Health Awareness Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular screening panel designed to detect multiple pathogens commonly associated with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and systemic diseases in birds. The panel includes Aspergillus spp., Chlamydia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium genavense, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichomonas gallinae — organisms known to cause significant morbidity in companion, aviary, and wild bird populations. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this profile offers highly sensitive and specific detection of pathogen DNA, allowing identification of both active infections and asymptomatic carriers. Clinically, it provides valuable insight into overall avian health, immune status, and infectious risk, supporting preventive medicine, quarantine screening, and disease management programs. The Avian Health Awareness Profile is especially useful for routine flock health monitoring and early detection of pathogens that may compromise breeding or conservation efforts.

The Avian Mini Profile (PCR) is a targeted molecular screening panel designed to detect two of the most clinically significant pathogens in birds — Chlamydia psittaci and Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease (PBFD) virus. These agents are associated with severe respiratory, hepatic, and immunologic diseases, and are of particular concern in aviary management and trade due to their high transmissibility and potential for chronic carrier states.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the panel provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogen DNA, allowing for early diagnosis and effective control of infection. Clinically, the Avian Mini Profile is ideal for routine health screening, pre-purchase or quarantine evaluation, and breeding colony surveillance, helping prevent disease spread and ensuring the long-term health of avian populations.

The Avian Paramyxovirus (PCR) test is used to detect the genetic material of avian paramyxoviruses, a group that includes several pathogenic strains such as Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV, Avian Paramyxovirus type 1). These viruses are responsible for respiratory, neurological, and gastrointestinal disease in a wide range of bird species and can cause severe outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality, particularly in psittacine and poultry populations.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral RNA, enabling diagnosis during early or subclinical infection. Clinically, the assay is essential for disease surveillance, outbreak control, and pre-import/export screening, helping prevent the introduction and spread of this highly contagious avian pathogen. PCR confirmation allows timely isolation and management measures critical to maintaining flock health and biosecurity.

The Avian Polyomavirus (APV) PCR test is used to detect the DNA of Avian Polyomavirus, the causative agent of Budgerigar Fledgling Disease and avian polyomavirus infection in a variety of bird species. The virus primarily affects young or immunocompromised birds, causing sudden death, subcutaneous hemorrhage, poor feather development, and hepatic or renal lesions. In adults, infections are often subclinical, yet birds may act as carriers and transmit the virus to others.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay offers highly sensitive and specific detection of viral DNA in blood, tissue, or cloacal samples. Clinically, PCR testing is crucial for early diagnosis, quarantine screening, and breeding management, helping to prevent the introduction and spread of this highly infectious and often fatal pathogen within aviaries and breeding collections.

The Avian Respiratory Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect multiple pathogens commonly associated with respiratory disease in birds. The panel includes Aspergillus spp., Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci, Klebsiella spp., Clostridium spiroforme, and Pasteurella spp.—organisms that can cause a wide spectrum of respiratory, hepatic, and systemic infections.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this profile provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogen DNA, even at early stages of infection or in asymptomatic carriers. Clinically, it enables accurate diagnosis and differentiation of mixed bacterial and fungal respiratory infections, supporting targeted antimicrobial or antifungal therapy. This panel is particularly valuable for aviary health monitoring, quarantine screening, and outbreak investigation, helping maintain flock health and prevent transmission of contagious respiratory pathogens.

The Avian Tuberculosis Profile (PCR) is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium genavense — two major causative agents of avian mycobacteriosis, a chronic, progressive disease affecting a wide range of bird species. These pathogens typically cause granulomatous lesions in the liver, spleen, and intestines, leading to weight loss, lethargy, diarrhea, and eventual organ failure.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of mycobacterial DNA, allowing for diagnosis even in early or latent infections where traditional culture methods may fail due to the slow-growing nature of the organisms. Clinically, this profile is essential for confirming mycobacterial infection, guiding isolation measures, and supporting disease management and epidemiologic monitoring in aviaries, zoological collections, and companion bird populations. Avian tuberculosis is a common chronic disease in older wild and captive birds, accounting for up to 14 percent of avian deaths in many zoological parks with mixed species. It is a chronic wasting disease characterized by weight loss, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and tumors of the skin and eyes.

The Avian Zoonotic Profile (PCR) is a molecular screening panel developed to detect avian pathogens with recognized zoonotic potential — including Chlamydia psittaci, Toxoplasma gondii, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium genavense, and Cryptosporidium parvum. These microorganisms can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and systemic infections in birds and may also pose significant health risks to humans, particularly immunocompromised individuals and those in close contact with birds.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this panel provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogen DNA, enabling early identification of infection and minimizing transmission risk. Clinically, it serves as an essential tool for avian disease surveillance, public health protection, and biosecurity, supporting routine health monitoring, quarantine screening, and zoonotic risk assessment in aviaries, breeding facilities, and zoological settings.

The Babesia canis PCR test is used to detect the DNA of Babesia canis, a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks that causes canine babesiosis, a hemolytic disease affecting red blood cells. Infection results in fever, anemia, jaundice, lethargy, and thrombocytopenia, with severity ranging from subclinical to life-threatening depending on the strain and immune status of the host.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of B. canis DNA, even at low parasitemia levels or in chronic carrier dogs where microscopic examination may be inconclusive. Clinically, PCR testing is essential for confirming acute infection, identifying carrier animals, and guiding targeted antiprotozoal therapy. Early diagnosis facilitates timely treatment and helps prevent transmission through tick control and screening of breeding animals.

The Babesia gibsoni Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) test measures antibody levels directed against Babesia gibsoni, a tick-borne protozoan parasite that infects canine red blood cells, causing canine babesiosis. The disease is characterized by fever, anemia, jaundice, lethargy, and thrombocytopenia, and may progress to chronic infection with intermittent parasitemia and immune-mediated complications.

The IFA assay detects host antibodies that develop in response to infection, making it a sensitive tool for diagnosing both active and past exposure. High or rising antibody titres support recent or ongoing infection, while low or stable titres may indicate previous exposure or subclinical carriage. Clinically, the test is valuable for confirming infection, screening carrier dogs, and monitoring treatment response, particularly when parasitemia is too low for detection by microscopy.

The Babesia spp. PCR test is designed to detect DNA from multiple Babesia species, including B. canis, B. gibsoni, and other related hemoprotozoa that infect red blood cells and cause canine babesiosis. This tick-borne disease results in hemolytic anemia, fever, jaundice, weakness, and thrombocytopenia, and may progress to severe or chronic illness if left untreated.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of Babesia DNA, even in early infection or carrier states when parasite levels are too low for microscopic identification. Clinically, it enables definitive diagnosis and species differentiation, guiding appropriate antiprotozoal therapy and informing prognosis. PCR testing is also valuable for screening blood donors and breeding animals to prevent transmission within canine populations.

The Baermann test is a parasitologic technique used to detect the larvae of lungworms (Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Oslerus osleri, Filaroides spp., and others) in fecal samples. Lungworm infections can cause respiratory disease in dogs and cats, presenting with coughing, dyspnea, nasal discharge, and reduced exercise tolerance.

The standard Baermann method relies on the active migration of live larvae from fecal material into water over several hours, allowing microscopic identification of the larvae. Clinically, it is considered the gold standard for diagnosing active lungworm infection, offering superior sensitivity compared to routine fecal flotation for detecting motile larvae. This test provides essential information for confirming parasitic respiratory disease, guiding anthelmintic therapy, and monitoring treatment efficacy in companion animals.

The Bartonella henselae PCR test is used to detect the DNA of B. henselae, a fastidious, intracellular bacterium responsible for feline bartonellosis (cat scratch disease in humans). In cats, infection is often subclinical but may contribute to fever, endocarditis, lymphadenitis, or chronic inflammatory conditions. As asymptomatic carriers are common, molecular testing is essential for identifying infected animals that may serve as reservoirs for zoonotic transmission.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of B. henselae DNA in blood or tissue samples, even when bacterial loads are low or intermittent. Clinically, it supports the diagnosis of Bartonella infection, aids in screening donor or breeding cats, and plays a key role in public health risk assessment by identifying potential sources of zoonotic infection.

The Bartonella spp. PCR test is designed to detect DNA from multiple Bartonella species, including B. henselae, B. clarridgeiae, and B. koehlerae — fastidious, intracellular bacteria that infect erythrocytes and endothelial cells. These pathogens are associated with feline bartonellosis and can cause fever, lymphadenitis, endocarditis, and chronic inflammatory syndromes in cats and dogs, while also posing zoonotic risk to humans.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers high sensitivity and specificity, enabling detection of active infection even when bacterial levels are low or intermittent. Clinically, the assay is valuable for confirming infection, identifying asymptomatic carriers, and guiding antimicrobial management. It also plays an important role in screening donor, breeding, or shelter animals, helping prevent the spread of this vector-borne zoonotic pathogen.

The Bence-Jones Protein test detects free immunoglobulin light chains (kappa or lambda) excreted in urine, serving as an important diagnostic marker for plasma cell dyscrasias, particularly multiple myeloma and other monoclonal gammopathies. These low–molecular-weight proteins are produced in excess by neoplastic plasma cells and pass through the renal glomeruli into the urine.

Clinically, the presence of Bence-Jones proteins indicates abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis and supports the diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasia or related disorders. Detection is typically performed by heat precipitation, electrophoresis, or immunofixation techniques. This test aids in differentiating multiple myeloma from other causes of proteinuria and helps assess disease progression, renal involvement, and response to therapy in affected animals.

The Bile Acid (Fasting) test measures the concentration of serum bile acids following a period of fasting, providing a sensitive indicator of hepatic function and portal blood flow. Bile acids are synthesized by the liver, secreted into bile, and reabsorbed from the intestine — a cycle that depends on normal hepatocellular uptake, biliary excretion, and portal circulation.

Clinically, elevated fasting bile acid levels indicate impaired hepatic function, cholestasis, or portosystemic shunting, even when other liver enzymes appear normal. This test is commonly used as part of a liver function evaluation, often paired with a postprandial measurement to assess the dynamic response of bile acid metabolism. It is particularly valuable for detecting subclinical hepatic insufficiency and for monitoring liver disease progression or surgical outcomes in animals with suspected hepatobiliary disorders.

The Bile Acid (Postprandial) test measures serum bile acid concentrations approximately two hours after feeding, serving as a functional assessment of hepatic uptake, biliary excretion, and enterohepatic circulation. Following a meal, gallbladder contraction releases bile acids into the intestine, which are then reabsorbed and returned to the liver via the portal circulation — a process dependent on normal hepatic and vascular function.

Clinically, elevated postprandial bile acid levels indicate hepatocellular dysfunction, cholestasis, or portosystemic shunting, even when other liver parameters are within normal limits. When interpreted together with fasting bile acid results, this test provides a dynamic evaluation of liver function and portal circulation integrity, making it a highly sensitive tool for early detection and monitoring of hepatobiliary disease in animals.

The Bile Acid (Random) test measures the concentration of circulating bile acids in a single, non-fasted blood sample to assess liver function and portal blood flow. Bile acids are synthesized by hepatocytes, secreted into bile, and recirculated through the enterohepatic system. Elevated levels in systemic circulation indicate impaired hepatic clearance, cholestasis, or abnormal portal circulation.

Clinically, the random bile acid test serves as a screening tool for hepatobiliary dysfunction, particularly when fasting or postprandial samples are impractical to obtain. While less standardized than paired fasting and postprandial testing, random measurement can still provide useful diagnostic information in cases of suspected liver disease, portosystemic shunt, or cholestatic conditions. It is often used for monitoring hepatic health or as a preliminary assessment in animals showing biochemical or clinical signs of hepatic compromise.

The Bile Acids/Creatinine Ratio test evaluates urinary bile acid excretion relative to creatinine concentration, providing a non-invasive assessment of hepatic function and bile acid metabolism. Because bile acids are normally efficiently recycled by the liver, their increased urinary elimination reflects hepatocellular dysfunction or portosystemic shunting, even in the absence of overt clinical signs.

Clinically, this ratio serves as a screening or monitoring tool for animals in which serum bile acid testing may be difficult or contraindicated. It helps identify early hepatic impairment or congenital vascular anomalies by correcting bile acid levels for urine concentration via creatinine normalization. Although less specific than serum bile acid testing, the Bile Acids/Creatinine Ratio offers a useful adjunct in evaluating hepatic function and tracking disease progression over time.

The Bilirubin (Conjugated) test measures the direct (water-soluble) fraction of bilirubin that has been processed by the liver and bound to glucuronic acid for excretion into bile. This fraction reflects hepatocellular excretory function and biliary patency, serving as an important indicator of cholestasis or hepatic dysfunction.

Clinically, elevated conjugated bilirubin levels suggest biliary obstruction, hepatocellular injury, or impaired bile flow, and may be accompanied by jaundice or pale stools in affected animals. When interpreted alongside total and unconjugated bilirubin concentrations, this test helps differentiate hepatic, pre-hepatic, and post-hepatic causes of hyperbilirubinemia, improving diagnostic accuracy for hepatobiliary disorders.

The Bilirubin (Free) test measures the unconjugated (indirect) fraction of bilirubin, which is produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin and transported to the liver for conjugation. This form is not water-soluble and reflects the rate of erythrocyte turnover and hepatic uptake efficiency.

Clinically, elevated free (unconjugated) bilirubin levels are most often associated with hemolysis, increased red blood cell destruction, or impaired hepatic uptake, rather than biliary obstruction. When interpreted with conjugated and total bilirubin values, this test aids in differentiating pre-hepatic causes of jaundice from hepatic or post-hepatic disorders, supporting accurate diagnosis of anemia-related or metabolic liver conditions.

The Total Bilirubin test measures the combined concentration of both unconjugated (free) and conjugated (bound) bilirubin in the blood, providing an overall assessment of bilirubin metabolism and hepatic excretory function. Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown, processed by the liver, and excreted into bile; abnormal levels reflect disturbances in these pathways.

Clinically, elevated total bilirubin may indicate hemolysis, hepatocellular dysfunction, or biliary obstruction, and serves as a key marker for evaluating jaundice, liver disease, and hemolytic anemia. When interpreted alongside the conjugated and unconjugated fractions, this test helps determine whether hyperbilirubinemia is pre-hepatic, hepatic, or post-hepatic in origin.

The Biochemistry – 1 Panel provides a comprehensive overview of metabolic and organ function by evaluating key serum biochemical parameters: A/G Ratio, Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Total Bilirubin, Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Total Protein, and Urea. This combination of tests offers insight into liver function, kidney performance, protein metabolism, and overall metabolic balance.

Clinically, this panel is valuable for routine health screening, pre-anesthetic evaluation, and diagnosis of hepatic, renal, or metabolic disorders. Elevated ALT and ALP indicate hepatocellular or cholestatic injury, while creatinine and urea assess renal filtration and function. The A/G ratio and total protein values provide information about protein synthesis, immune response, and hydration status, while glucose reflects metabolic and endocrine stability. Together, these analytes form a foundational diagnostic profile for assessing systemic health in animals.

The Biochemistry – 2 Panel provides a broad evaluation of metabolic, hepatic, renal, and electrolyte balance, combining critical serum analytes including A/G Ratio, Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Amylase, Total Bilirubin, Chloride, Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Sodium, Potassium, Na/K Ratio, Total Protein, and Urea. This panel offers a more extensive assessment than the basic profile, integrating electrolyte and pancreatic markers for a fuller clinical picture.

Clinically, this test panel is used for screening systemic health, diagnosing liver and kidney disease, assessing pancreatic involvement, and detecting electrolyte imbalances. Abnormal ALT and ALP suggest hepatobiliary injury, while creatinine and urea evaluate renal function. The inclusion of sodium, potassium, and their ratio (Na/K) assists in identifying adrenal or metabolic disturbances, and amylase supports pancreatic and gastrointestinal evaluation. This comprehensive profile aids in diagnostic investigation, monitoring therapy, and pre-anesthetic assessment.

The Biochemistry – 3 Panel offers an extensive assessment of metabolic, hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and electrolyte status, incorporating a broad range of key biochemical markers: A/G Ratio, Albumin, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Amylase, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Conjugated Bilirubin (C), Total Bilirubin (T), Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Lipase, Sodium, Potassium, Na/K Ratio, Phosphorus, Total Protein, and Urea.

This comprehensive panel provides a multisystem evaluation useful for diagnosing and monitoring hepatic injury, renal dysfunction, pancreatic disease, electrolyte imbalance, and muscular or metabolic disorders. ALT, AST, and ALP reflect hepatocellular and biliary function; CK and AST indicate muscle injury; creatinine and urea evaluate kidney filtration; and electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, Ca, P) reveal acid-base or hydration abnormalities. The inclusion of lipase and amylase enhances the detection of pancreatic involvement, while cholesterol and total protein values contribute to nutritional and metabolic profiling.

The Blastomyces dermatitidis Antigen EIA test detects circulating antigens of the dimorphic fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis, the causative agent of blastomycosis, a systemic fungal infection primarily affecting the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and central nervous system. Infection typically occurs via inhalation of fungal spores from contaminated soil or decaying vegetation.

Using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA), this test provides highly sensitive detection of fungal antigens in serum or urine, often before antibodies are detectable or culture results are available. Clinically, it is a valuable diagnostic tool for early and active infection, as well as for monitoring treatment response and detecting relapse. Because antigen cross-reactivity may occur with Histoplasma species, results should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical signs and other diagnostic findings.

The Blastomyces dermatitidis PCR test is a molecular assay designed to detect the DNA of B. dermatitidis, a dimorphic fungus responsible for blastomycosis, a potentially severe systemic infection affecting the lungs, skin, eyes, lymph nodes, and other organs. Infection occurs primarily through inhalation of fungal spores from contaminated soil, particularly in regions with moist, organic matter.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers high sensitivity and specificity, enabling rapid identification of fungal DNA even in early or disseminated infections when culture or cytology may yield inconclusive results. Clinically, PCR testing assists in confirming diagnosis, differentiating blastomycosis from other systemic mycoses, and guiding antifungal therapy. It is especially valuable for detecting infection in cases with overlapping signs of Histoplasma or Aspergillus infection.

Blood culture bottles should be used for the collection of specimens. Blood culture medium must be
inoculated immediately following blood collection. Please, contact our customer support team for detailed
instructions on inoculation of vials and transportation of samples before sample collection. Serum, swabs of
blood, or blood mixed with EDTA are not suitable for blood culture.

The Blood Smear Evaluation is a microscopic examination of stained peripheral blood, providing detailed information on cell morphology, distribution, and abnormalities that cannot be detected by automated hematology analyzers alone. It allows assessment of red and white blood cell morphology, platelet estimates, and the presence of parasites or atypical cells, offering crucial diagnostic insight into a wide range of systemic and hematologic disorders.

Clinically, this evaluation supports the diagnosis of anemia, inflammation, infection, leukemia, and blood-borne parasitic diseases such as Babesia, Mycoplasma, or Ehrlichia. It also helps verify automated CBC results, identify immature or toxic cells, and monitor response to treatment. The Blood Smear Evaluation remains a cornerstone of hematologic interpretation, providing context for numerical data and enhancing diagnostic accuracy.

The Bordetella avium PCR test is used to detect the DNA of Bordetella avium, a bacterial pathogen that causes avian bordetellosis (turkey coryza) — a highly contagious respiratory disease primarily affecting turkeys and other poultry species. The infection leads to sneezing, nasal discharge, tracheal rales, and reduced growth performance, with potential secondary bacterial involvement worsening clinical signs.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of B. avium genetic material in respiratory or environmental samples. Clinically, it enables early diagnosis and confirmation of infection, supports outbreak control, and assists in differentiating B. avium infection from other respiratory pathogens such as Mycoplasma or Pasteurella species. PCR testing is particularly valuable for flock health monitoring, biosecurity programs, and breeder screening.

The Bordetella bronchiseptica PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of B. bronchiseptica, a gram-negative bacterium that causes infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) and other respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. The organism colonizes the upper respiratory tract, leading to coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, and, in severe cases, pneumonia, particularly in young or immunocompromised animals.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of bacterial DNA, even in cases with low bacterial load or prior antibiotic use. Clinically, PCR assists in rapid diagnosis, outbreak management, and differentiation from other respiratory pathogens such as Canine Parainfluenza Virus, Adenovirus, or Mycoplasma species. Early identification enables targeted antimicrobial therapy and infection control in kennels, shelters, and multi-animal environments.

Borna disease virus (BDV) has a broad host range, affecting primarily horses and sheep, but also cattle, cats
and dogs. In cats, BDV may cause a non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (“staggering disease”).

The Borrelia burgdorferi PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of B. burgdorferi, the spirochete bacterium responsible for Lyme disease. Transmitted through the bite of infected Ixodes (deer) ticks, this pathogen can cause multisystemic illness affecting the joints, nervous system, heart, and kidneys, particularly in dogs, horses, and humans.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of B. burgdorferi genetic material in blood, tissue, or synovial fluid. It enables confirmation of active infection, even in cases where antibody tests may be inconclusive due to early or chronic disease stages. Clinically, PCR testing assists in diagnosis, disease monitoring, and differentiation from other vector-borne infections such as Anaplasma or Ehrlichia. Early detection allows for timely treatment and prevention of long-term complications.

The Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease) ELISA test detects antibodies directed against B. burgdorferi, the spirochete bacterium transmitted by Ixodes (deer) ticks that causes Lyme disease. This vector-borne illness can result in fever, lameness, arthritis, lymphadenopathy, and renal or neurological complications, most commonly in dogs and horses but also in other mammalian species.

Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the test provides sensitive screening for exposure or active infection by identifying host antibodies to specific B. burgdorferi antigens. Clinically, a positive ELISA result indicates prior or current exposure and should be interpreted alongside clinical signs and confirmatory tests such as Western blot or PCR. The assay is valuable for screening animals in endemic areas, supporting early diagnosis, treatment decisions, and epidemiologic surveillance of tick-borne disease.

The Bovine Coronavirus (BCoV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the RNA of Bovine Coronavirus, an important pathogen causing enteric and respiratory disease in cattle. The virus is a major contributor to calf diarrhea (scours), winter dysentery in adult cattle, and bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), leading to significant economic losses in both dairy and beef herds.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral RNA in fecal or respiratory samples. Clinically, it assists in confirming infection, differentiating coronavirus from other enteric or respiratory pathogens, and guiding management or biosecurity interventions. Early identification of BCoV supports disease control, herd health monitoring, and outbreak prevention in both neonatal and adult cattle populations.

The Bovine Citrullinemia PCR test is a genetic assay used to detect the presence of the argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1) gene mutation responsible for bovine citrullinemia, a rare but fatal inborn error of metabolism in cattle. This autosomal recessive disorder disrupts the urea cycle, leading to the accumulation of ammonia and citrulline in the blood, resulting in neurological dysfunction, lethargy, seizures, and death shortly after birth.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the test provides definitive identification of carriers and affected animals, allowing breeders to eliminate the mutation from herds through informed mating decisions. Clinically, it is essential for hereditary disease control and genetic screening, particularly in Holstein and related dairy breeds where the mutation is most prevalent.

The Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of BoHV-1, the causative agent of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) and Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV). This virus primarily affects the respiratory and reproductive tracts of cattle, leading to fever, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, decreased milk production, infertility, and abortion, and it plays a major role in the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC).

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of viral DNA in nasal, conjunctival, genital, or tissue samples. Clinically, PCR enables rapid confirmation of active infection, supports outbreak investigation and biosecurity control, and helps differentiate BoHV-1 from other respiratory or reproductive pathogens. Early and accurate detection is crucial for disease management, herd health monitoring, and vaccination program evaluation

The Bovine Infectious Abortion Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the major infectious pathogens responsible for abortion and reproductive failure in cattle. This panel includes Chlamydia spp., Leptospira spp., Neospora caninum, Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Brucella abortus, and Tritrichomonas foetus — all significant causes of embryonic loss, fetal death, stillbirth, or infertility in bovine herds.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogen DNA or RNA directly from fetal tissues, placenta, uterine swabs, or fluids. Clinically, it enables early and accurate identification of the infectious cause of abortion, supporting effective herd-level management, biosecurity implementation, and vaccination or treatment decisions. This multi-agent diagnostic approach minimizes economic losses and enhances reproductive efficiency by addressing infectious risks comprehensively.

The Bovine Infectious Respiratory Profile (PCR) is a molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the primary pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD)—a multifactorial condition causing major economic losses in both dairy and beef herds. This panel screens for Chlamydia spp., Mycoplasma spp., Pasteurella spp., Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV).

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of bacterial and viral nucleic acids from nasal swabs, tracheal aspirates, or lung tissue. Clinically, it allows for accurate diagnosis and differentiation of respiratory pathogens, supports early treatment decisions, and assists in outbreak investigation and herd health management. By identifying co-infections and underlying causes of BRD, this profile helps optimize therapeutic and preventive strategies, improving animal welfare and productivity.

The Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect proviral DNA of BLV, the retrovirus responsible for enzootic bovine leukosis, a contagious disease affecting the lymphoid system of cattle. Infection may lead to persistent lymphocytosis or lymphosarcoma, although many animals remain asymptomatic carriers capable of transmitting the virus through blood, contaminated equipment, or insect vectors.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of BLV infection, even in early or latent stages when antibodies have not yet developed. Clinically, PCR is essential for confirming infection status, screening replacement or donor animals, and monitoring eradication or control programs. Early identification of BLV-positive cattle supports biosecurity measures, herd management, and prevention of viral spread.

The Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (BLAD) PCR test is a genetic assay used to identify the single-point mutation in the CD18 gene responsible for BLAD, an autosomal recessive immunodeficiency disorder found primarily in Holstein and related dairy breeds. This condition impairs leukocyte function, preventing white blood cells from adhering to and migrating through vessel walls, which results in severe, recurrent bacterial infections, delayed wound healing, stunted growth, and early death in affected calves.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test allows for accurate detection of carriers and affected animals, enabling breeders to eliminate the defective gene through selective breeding. Clinically, BLAD testing is essential for hereditary disease control, genetic management, and certification of breeding stock, supporting long-term herd health and productivity.

The Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI3) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the RNA of PI3, a major viral pathogen involved in the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC). This virus primarily affects the upper respiratory tract, predisposing cattle to secondary bacterial infections and contributing to pneumonia, nasal discharge, coughing, fever, and decreased feed intake, especially in stressed or young animals.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the test offers rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral RNA from nasal swabs, tracheal aspirates, or lung tissue. Clinically, PI3 PCR testing supports early diagnosis and differentiation from other respiratory pathogens such as Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), or Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV). Accurate identification of infection allows for timely treatment, vaccination planning, and herd biosecurity management, reducing respiratory disease incidence and economic losses.

The Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the RNA of BRSV, a major viral component of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC). The virus infects the lower respiratory tract, causing bronchointerstitial pneumonia, fever, nasal discharge, coughing, and respiratory distress, with outbreaks often occurring in young or stressed cattle.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral RNA in nasal swabs, tracheal aspirates, or lung tissue samples. Clinically, BRSV PCR testing is critical for early and accurate diagnosis, helping differentiate BRSV from other respiratory pathogens such as Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), or Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI3). Identification of BRSV infection allows for prompt management, targeted treatment, and effective herd vaccination strategies, minimizing respiratory disease severity and transmission.

The Bovine Rotaviruses Group A (BoRV-A) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the RNA of rotavirus Group A, the most common viral cause of neonatal calf diarrhea (scours). The infection primarily affects young calves under two weeks of age, damaging intestinal villi and leading to malabsorption, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and growth retardation.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of rotaviral RNA in fecal samples, allowing for early diagnosis and differentiation from other enteric pathogens such as Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium, and E. coli. Clinically, BoRV-A PCR testing is vital for outbreak investigation, herd health monitoring, and preventive management, guiding biosecurity and vaccination programs to reduce morbidity and mortality in calves.

The Bovine Rotaviruses Group B (BoRV-B) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the RNA of rotavirus Group B, an important but less common cause of neonatal and post-weaning calf diarrhea. Infection results in damage to the intestinal mucosa, leading to malabsorption, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance, often occurring in mixed infections with other enteric pathogens.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of rotaviral RNA in fecal samples, enabling early and definitive identification of the virus even in subclinical or co-infected cases. Clinically, BoRV-B PCR testing assists in diagnosing and differentiating causes of calf scours, supports outbreak investigation and herd surveillance, and informs biosecurity and vaccination strategies to improve neonatal health and reduce mortality.

The Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the RNA of BVDV types 1 and 2, pestiviruses that cause bovine viral diarrhea, a widespread and economically significant disease affecting both dairy and beef cattle. Infection can result in reproductive failure, immunosuppression, respiratory disease, diarrhea, mucosal lesions, and congenital abnormalities, depending on the age and immune status of the animal.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of BVDV RNA in blood, tissue, or ear notch samples. PCR testing is particularly valuable for identifying persistently infected (PI) animals, which serve as major reservoirs of the virus. Clinically, it plays a key role in diagnosis, control, and eradication programs, allowing for herd screening, biosecurity monitoring, and reproductive health management to reduce transmission and improve herd productivity.

The Bovine Viral Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the major viral pathogens involved in the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex (BRDC) and systemic infections. This panel screens for Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). These agents are among the most significant contributors to respiratory illness, reproductive loss, and immunosuppression in cattle herds.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral nucleic acids from nasal swabs, lung tissue, or blood samples. Clinically, the Bovine Viral Profile aids in early diagnosis, outbreak investigation, and herd health management, allowing differentiation among co-infecting viral agents. The results guide targeted vaccination, treatment, and biosecurity measures, helping to minimize respiratory disease incidence, economic loss, and production setbacks.

The Bromide test measures the serum concentration of bromide ions, most commonly used to monitor therapeutic levels in animals receiving potassium bromide (KBr) as an anticonvulsant for the management of epilepsy or seizure disorders. Bromide acts by stabilizing neuronal membranes and enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission, helping to reduce seizure frequency and severity, particularly in dogs.

Clinically, this test is essential for ensuring therapeutic efficacy and safety, as bromide has a narrow therapeutic range and excessive levels may cause sedation, ataxia, or gastrointestinal disturbances. Monitoring is also useful for adjusting dosages after dietary or medication changes that alter chloride intake, which can affect bromide excretion. Regular bromide level assessment supports optimal seizure control and prevention of toxicity in long-term anticonvulsant therapy.

The Brucella abortus PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of B. abortus, the bacterium responsible for bovine brucellosis, a contagious and economically significant reproductive disease of cattle. Infection leads to late-term abortions, retained placenta, infertility, orchitis, and reduced milk production, and it poses a serious zoonotic risk to humans, where it causes undulant fever.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of B. abortus DNA in fetal tissues, placenta, milk, blood, or other clinical specimens. PCR enables early and definitive diagnosis, even in chronic or latent infections where culture may be difficult or hazardous. Clinically, this assay supports outbreak investigation, herd surveillance, and biosecurity monitoring, playing a crucial role in brucellosis control and eradication programs.

The Brucella canis RSAT (Rapid Slide Agglutination Test) is a serologic screening assay used to detect antibodies against Brucella canis, the causative agent of canine brucellosis, a contagious bacterial disease primarily affecting the reproductive system of dogs. The infection can lead to infertility, abortions, stillbirths, epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis, and poses a zoonotic risk to humans through contact with infected animals or biological materials.

The RSAT method provides a rapid and sensitive screening for anti-Brucella antibodies, making it useful for identifying infected or carrier animals within breeding kennels or shelters. Positive or equivocal results should be confirmed using more specific assays such as 2-Mercaptoethanol RSAT, AGID, or PCR. Clinically, the test supports breeding management, disease control, and prevention of transmission, ensuring the health of canine populations and human handlers.

The Brucella canis Titre test is a quantitative serologic assay used to measure antibody levels against Brucella canis, the causative agent of canine brucellosis, a chronic bacterial infection that primarily affects the reproductive tract of dogs. The disease causes infertility, abortions, stillbirths, epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis, and represents a zoonotic threat to humans, particularly in breeding and kennel environments.

By determining antibody titre levels, this test helps assess infection status, disease progression, and response to treatment. Higher titres indicate active or recent infection, while declining titres may suggest recovery or successful management. Clinically, the Brucella canis Titre test is essential for confirmatory diagnosis following screening assays (e.g., RSAT) and for monitoring infected or exposed animals. It supports breeding program biosecurity, quarantine decisions, and public health protection.

The Brucella canis PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of B. canis, the bacterium responsible for canine brucellosis, a contagious and often chronic reproductive disease of dogs. The infection can lead to infertility, abortions, stillbirths, epididymitis, orchitis, and prostatitis, and poses a significant zoonotic risk to humans through contact with infected animals or reproductive materials.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of B. canis DNA in blood, tissue, or reproductive samples. PCR allows for early and definitive diagnosis, even in asymptomatic or seronegative animals, enabling effective disease control and prevention. Clinically, this test is invaluable for screening breeding dogs, monitoring kennel populations, and investigating reproductive failure, supporting biosecurity, quarantine, and public health protection measures.

The Buffy Coat Smear for Mast Cells test is a cytologic examination of the leukocyte layer (buffy coat) obtained after centrifugation of anticoagulated blood. It is performed to detect the presence and distribution of mast cells circulating in peripheral blood. Under normal conditions, mast cells are tissue-resident, and their appearance in blood is considered abnormal, suggesting systemic mastocytosis, mast cell leukemia, or metastatic mast cell disease.

Clinically, this test is used for screening and diagnostic evaluation of animals with cutaneous or visceral mast cell tumors, unexplained pruritus, hypersensitivity reactions, or suspected systemic neoplasia. Microscopic identification of metachromatic granules within mast cells supports diagnosis and aids in disease staging and monitoring response to therapy. It serves as a complementary tool alongside bone marrow cytology and histopathology in comprehensive hematologic assessment.

The Calcium test measures the total concentration of calcium in serum or plasma, an essential mineral required for neuromuscular function, blood coagulation, enzymatic activity, and bone metabolism. Serum calcium exists in both protein-bound and ionized forms, with tight regulation maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.

Clinically, abnormal calcium levels may indicate metabolic, renal, endocrine, or neoplastic disorders. Hypercalcemia is commonly associated with hyperparathyroidism, renal disease, vitamin D toxicity, or malignancy, whereas hypocalcemia may occur with hypoparathyroidism, eclampsia, pancreatitis, or hypoalbuminemia. Calcium measurement is a key component of biochemical screening and helps in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing disorders of calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism.

The Ionized Calcium test measures the biologically active fraction of calcium that circulates freely in the blood, unbound to proteins or anions. Unlike total calcium, ionized calcium directly reflects the physiologically available calcium responsible for neuromuscular conduction, cardiac contractility, coagulation, and hormone regulation. Because ionized calcium levels are unaffected by changes in albumin or blood pH, this test provides a more accurate assessment of calcium status.

Clinically, hyperionized calcium (hypercalcemia) is associated with hyperparathyroidism, renal dysfunction, neoplasia, or vitamin D toxicity, while low ionized calcium (hypocalcemia) may occur with hypoparathyroidism, sepsis, pancreatitis, or eclampsia. Measurement of ionized calcium is critical in emergency, critical care, and metabolic evaluations, particularly when assessing calcium disorders, acid-base balance, or postoperative complications.

The Campylobacter jejuni PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of C. jejuni, a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that is one of the leading causes of bacterial enteritis in both animals and humans. The infection primarily affects the intestinal tract, leading to diarrhea (often with mucus or blood), fever, and weight loss, and may be associated with reproductive disorders or systemic illness in severe cases.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of C. jejuni DNA in fecal, intestinal, or environmental samples. Clinically, it allows for early diagnosis and differentiation from other enteropathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli, or Clostridium species. PCR confirmation supports infection control, antimicrobial management, and zoonotic risk mitigation, especially in multi-species environments or herd outbreaks.

The Campylobacter spp. PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of multiple Campylobacter species, including C. jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus, which are common causes of enteric and reproductive infections in animals. These bacteria are associated with diarrhea, enterocolitis, abortion, and infertility, depending on the species affected and the route of infection.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of Campylobacter DNA in fecal, reproductive, or tissue samples, allowing for early and accurate diagnosis even when bacterial culture may fail due to the organism’s fastidious nature. Clinically, it aids in differentiating bacterial enteropathies, identifying causes of reproductive loss, and implementing targeted antimicrobial and biosecurity strategies. The test also has zoonotic significance, supporting infection control in mixed-species and human-animal environments.

The Candida spp. PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of fungal species belonging to the genus Candida, which are opportunistic yeasts capable of causing localized or systemic candidiasis in animals. Infections may involve the skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, or bloodstream, particularly in immunocompromised or antibiotic-treated individuals.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of Candida DNA in clinical specimens, allowing for early diagnosis and differentiation from bacterial or other fungal pathogens. Clinically, Candida spp. PCR testing assists in identifying primary or secondary yeast infections, guiding antifungal therapy, and monitoring disease progression or recurrence. It is particularly valuable in detecting infections caused by non-albicans species that may show variable antifungal susceptibility.

The Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of CAV-1, the causative agent of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH). This virus primarily targets the liver, kidneys, and vascular endothelium, leading to clinical signs such as fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, jaundice, and coagulopathies, and in severe cases, may cause acute hepatic necrosis or death.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of viral DNA in blood, tissue, or ocular samples, enabling early and definitive diagnosis even before antibody development. Clinically, CAV-1 PCR testing assists in confirming hepatic disease of viral origin, distinguishing it from CAV-2 and other infectious causes, and supporting outbreak control, vaccination monitoring, and epidemiologic surveillance.

The Canine Annual Health Check is a comprehensive diagnostic screening panel designed to provide a detailed overview of a dog’s overall health, organ function, metabolic balance, immune status, and infectious disease protection. This profile includes biochemical, hematologic, endocrine, and serologic tests, offering a complete picture of systemic wellness and early disease detection.

The panel measures key biochemical analytes — A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Amylase, AST, Bilirubin (Total, Conjugated, and Free), Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Na/K Ratio, Lipase, Phosphorus, Potassium, Total Protein, Sodium, and Urea — providing essential information on liver, kidney, pancreatic, and metabolic health. It also includes Free T4 for thyroid evaluation and a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential to assess hematologic status and immune cell profiles.

Additionally, the panel incorporates infectious disease monitoring with serologic and antigen testing: Canine Distemper Virus (antibody titre 1:16), Canine Parvovirus (antibody titre 1:80), and Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) antigen detection. Clinically, this integrated testing approach enables early identification of subclinical disease, verification of vaccine protection, and ongoing health monitoring, making it ideal for annual wellness examinations and preventive care programs.

Breed: Large Munsterlander

Canine Black Hair Follicular Dysplasia (BHFD) is a rare inherited disorder of hair follicle development characterized by selective alopecia and coat abnormalities affecting black-pigmented hair. It is classified within the group of follicular dysplasias, a set of genetic conditions that result in abnormal hair growth, altered hair structure, and progressive hair loss.

In affected dogs, hair loss typically begins at a very young age, often within the first months of life, and is confined to black hair regions in dogs with black or black-and-white coats. The alopecia is usually non-pruritic and slowly progressive. Affected areas may show brittle, broken hairs, hypotrichosis, or complete alopecia, while non-black hair regions remain unaffected. Secondary bacterial folliculitis or pyoderma may develop due to compromised hair follicle integrity.

Histopathologically, BHFD is associated with abnormal melanin clumping within hair shafts and follicles, leading to structural weakness of the hair and subsequent breakage. The consistency of clinical and histologic findings across affected breeds supports a genetic etiology.

In Large Munsterlanders, Black Hair Follicular Dysplasia has been associated with the f allele, which can be detected through molecular genetic testing. Clinical diagnosis based solely on physical examination and dermatologic findings may be suggestive but is not definitive, as similar presentations can occur with other pigment-associated alopecias.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the presence of the f allele associated with BHFD. This PCR-based assay accurately classifies dogs as affected (homozygous), heterozygous carriers, or genetically normal, independent of age or clinical severity. Because the causative allele is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical standpoint, this test supports confirmation of BHFD in young dogs presenting with early-onset, pigment-restricted alopecia, assists in differentiating this condition from other causes of juvenile alopecia, and provides valuable information for prognosis and long-term dermatologic management. It also enables informed client counseling regarding the genetic nature and non-curable, cosmetic course of the disease.

The Canine Blood Donor Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive pre-donation screening panel designed to evaluate the systemic health, organ function, and hematologic status of canine blood donors, ensuring safe and high-quality blood products for transfusion. This extensive assessment integrates biochemical, endocrine, and hematologic analyses to confirm donor suitability and detect subclinical disease.

The profile measures A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Amylase, AST, Bilirubin (Conjugated, Total, and Free), Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Na/K Ratio, Lipase, Phosphorus, Potassium, Total Protein, Sodium, and Urea, providing a detailed evaluation of hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and metabolic function. In addition, Free T4 assesses thyroid health, and SDMA serves as an early biomarker of renal filtration efficiency. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential ensures normal hematologic parameters and identifies possible infections or anemia.

Clinically, this profile is essential for certifying donor health, preventing transmission of metabolic or infectious disorders, and maintaining the integrity of blood banking programs. It supports responsible donor selection and routine health monitoring, safeguarding both donors and recipients in veterinary transfusion medicine.

The Canine Blood Typing test determines the specific blood group (DEA type) of a dog by identifying dog erythrocyte antigens (DEA) present on the surface of red blood cells. The most clinically significant blood type is DEA 1, which can cause acute hemolytic transfusion reactions if mismatched blood is administered. Accurate typing is therefore essential for safe blood transfusion and donor-recipient compatibility.

Clinically, blood typing is performed prior to transfusion or inclusion in a canine blood donor program, as it prevents immune-mediated transfusion reactions and sensitization in previously transfused dogs. The test also assists breeders and clinicians in identifying universal donors (DEA 1-negative) and managing neonatal isoerythrolysis risk in breeding females.

The Canine Coat and Nose Color Test (Base) is a multi-locus genetic assay designed to identify key allelic variants that determine coat color, pattern expression, and nose pigmentation in dogs. This test analyzes major pigmentation-related genes that influence eumelanin and pheomelanin production, distribution, and dilution, providing a comprehensive genetic profile of visible and inherited color traits.

The panel includes analysis of the following alleles and loci:
A locus (A, At, Aw, Ay), B locus (brown), D locus (dilution/blue), E locus (E, Eg, Em), K locus (dominant black), and S locus (white spotting). Together, these loci govern base coat color, patterning (e.g., black-and-tan, fawn, grizzle/domino), masking, dilution effects, and white spotting distribution.

By directly identifying the allelic combinations present, this assay enables correlation between genotype and phenotype, including confirmation of observed coat and nose color, explanation of unexpected pigmentation patterns, and identification of recessive or masked alleles that may not be phenotypically expressed. Because pigment gene interactions are complex and vary between breeds, results are interpreted within a breed-specific genetic context to ensure clinical and biological relevance.

From a veterinary and genetic counseling standpoint, this test is useful when evaluating inherited pigmentation traits, investigating atypical or discordant coat color presentations, supporting breed-specific genetic assessments, and answering client questions related to color inheritance. While primarily informational, pigmentation genotyping may also be relevant when color-linked genetic conditions or breed standards are part of the clinical discussion.

The Canine Comprehensive Senior Wellness panel is a complete diagnostic health profile specifically designed for geriatric dogs, offering an in-depth assessment of organ function, metabolic balance, endocrine health, and hematologic status. This panel helps identify age-related diseases early, monitor chronic conditions, and support preventive healthcare in senior patients.

The profile includes A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Amylase, AST, Bilirubin (Conjugated, Total, and Free), Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Na/K Ratio, Lipase, Phosphorus, Potassium, Total Protein, Sodium, and Urea, offering a thorough evaluation of hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and metabolic systems. It also includes Free T4 to assess thyroid function, SDMA as an early indicator of kidney filtration efficiency, and a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential for hematologic and immune status evaluation.

Clinically, this comprehensive panel enables early detection of metabolic, endocrine, or degenerative diseases, assists in treatment monitoring, and supports individualized geriatric care plans. It is ideal for annual wellness examinations and ongoing health surveillance in aging dogs.

Breed: Toy Fox Terrier

Canine Congenital Hypothyroidism with Goiter (CHG) is an inherited endocrine disorder caused by deficiency of thyroid peroxidase (TPO), an essential enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. In Toy Fox Terriers, mutations in the TPO gene prevent normal iodination of thyroglobulin, resulting in an inability to produce adequate levels of thyroid hormones.

Thyroid hormones are critical for normal growth, skeletal development, neurologic maturation, and metabolic regulation, particularly during the neonatal and juvenile periods. Puppies affected with CHG typically exhibit clinical abnormalities within the first days to weeks of life. Early signs include reduced activity, delayed motor development, and a disproportionately large head relative to body size.

By approximately two weeks of age, affected puppies develop a palpable and progressively enlarging goiter on the ventral aspect of the neck due to chronic thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation. Impaired thyroid hormone production leads to delayed ossification and elongation of bones in the limbs, spine, and skull, resulting in disproportionate dwarfism and skeletal abnormalities.

While many systemic and developmental abnormalities can be significantly improved with early diagnosis and lifelong oral thyroid hormone supplementation, the goiter itself may continue to enlarge despite treatment and can lead to airway compression if not carefully monitored.

Clinical diagnosis based solely on physical findings and routine bloodwork can be challenging, particularly in very young puppies. Thyroid hormone concentrations may be variable or non-specific early in the disease course, and clinical signs can overlap with other congenital or metabolic disorders.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative mutation in the TPO gene associated with CHG in Toy Fox Terriers. This PCR-based assay allows definitive identification of affected dogs, heterozygous carriers, and genetically normal individuals, independent of age or clinical severity. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered 100%.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports early confirmation of congenital hypothyroidism in neonates and young puppies with growth abnormalities or cervical enlargement, facilitates differentiation from other causes of dwarfism or lethargy, and enables accurate prognosis and client counseling regarding long-term management.

Breed: Briard

Canine Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) is an inherited retinal disorder characterized by congenital impairment of rod photoreceptor function, resulting in night blindness with variable degrees of visual dysfunction under photopic (daylight) conditions. In Briards, this condition is caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene, which plays a critical role in the visual cycle of retinal photoreceptors.

Affected dogs are typically blind or severely visually impaired in low-light conditions from an early age. Daytime vision varies widely, ranging from near-normal visual function to profound daylight blindness. The disorder is non-progressive (stationary), meaning visual deficits are present early in life and do not worsen over time.

CSNB follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern; affected dogs possess two copies of the mutated gene, one inherited from each parent. Clinical signs may be evident as early as 5–6 weeks of age, often before overt funduscopic abnormalities are apparent on routine ophthalmic examination.

Traditional diagnosis may involve behavioral observation, electroretinography (ERG), and ophthalmic examination; however, these approaches may be limited in very young animals or may not differentiate CSNB from other inherited retinal disorders with overlapping clinical features.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative mutation in the RPE65 gene using PCR-based molecular analysis. This assay allows definitive identification of affected dogs (homozygous), heterozygous carriers, and genetically normal individuals, independent of age or clinical severity. Because the causative gene mutation is directly targeted, diagnostic accuracy is considered 100%.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports early confirmation of congenital vision disorders in Briard puppies presenting with night blindness or abnormal visual behavior. It also assists in differentiating CSNB from progressive retinal degenerations and provides critical information for prognosis, client counseling, and long-term management.

The Canine Coronavirus (CCoV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the RNA of Canine Coronavirus, an enteric virus that causes acute gastrointestinal disease in dogs. The infection primarily affects puppies and immunocompromised animals, leading to vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia, and may exacerbate illness when co-infections with Parvovirus or Giardia are present.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of viral RNA in fecal or intestinal samples. PCR enables early and accurate diagnosis, even during mild or subclinical infections when viral shedding may be intermittent. Clinically, the test assists in confirming viral enteritis, guiding supportive care and isolation measures, and preventing outbreaks in kennels, shelters, and breeding facilities.

Breeds: Rough Collie, Smooth Collie

Canine Cyclic Neutropenia is a severe inherited hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by periodic, profound decreases in circulating neutrophils and other blood cell lines. The condition occurs almost exclusively in gray-coated Collies and results from a genetic defect affecting bone marrow cell production and regulation.

Clinically affected puppies are typically smaller and weaker than their littermates. By approximately 8–12 weeks of age, they begin to exhibit recurrent clinical episodes associated with cyclical neutropenia, including fever, diarrhea, lethargy, joint pain, and recurrent infections involving the skin, respiratory tract, eyes, and gastrointestinal system. During neutropenic phases, affected dogs are highly susceptible to opportunistic bacterial infections.

In addition to neutropenia, affected dogs may experience periodic reductions in other blood cell lines, predisposing them to bleeding episodes and impaired immune response. The disease is progressive and debilitating. Despite intensive supportive care, prognosis is poor, and most affected dogs do not survive beyond 2–3 years of age.

Definitive diagnosis based solely on clinical findings and serial hematologic evaluation can be challenging, as it requires repeated blood sampling to document cyclical changes in neutrophil counts. The DNA-based diagnostic test provides direct detection of the causative genetic mutation responsible for Canine Cyclic Neutropenia, allowing definitive classification of genetic status.

This molecular assay accurately identifies affected dogs, heterozygous carriers, and genetically normal individuals, independent of age or clinical presentation. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, the test provides highly reliable diagnostic confirmation.

From a clinical standpoint, this test supports early diagnosis in Collie puppies presenting with recurrent infections, unexplained neutropenia, or failure to thrive. It also facilitates accurate differentiation from other causes of juvenile-onset immunodeficiency or bone marrow disorders and enables appropriate client counseling regarding prognosis and disease management.

Breed: Newfoundland

Canine Cystinuria is an inherited disorder of renal tubular amino acid transport characterized by defective reabsorption of cystine and certain dibasic amino acids within the proximal renal tubules. In Newfoundlands, this condition has been linked to mutations in the SLC3A1 gene, resulting in persistently elevated urinary cystine concentrations.

Under normal physiologic conditions, filtered cystine is efficiently reabsorbed by the renal tubules, leading to minimal urinary excretion. In affected dogs, impaired transport leads to excessive cystine in the urine. Because cystine is poorly soluble in neutral to acidic urine, elevated concentrations promote the formation of cystine crystals and subsequent development of cystine uroliths within the kidneys and/or urinary bladder.

Clinically, cystine urolithiasis is of particular concern in male dogs, as their longer and narrower urethras increase the risk of urethral obstruction. Affected males commonly present with recurrent lower urinary tract inflammation, dysuria, hematuria, and repeated episodes of urinary obstruction. If not promptly recognized and managed, obstruction may result in acute kidney injury, bladder rupture, and death.

Although cystinuria has been reported in many canine breeds, Newfoundlands exhibit an earlier onset and more severe disease phenotype. While the average age of onset in other breeds is approximately 4–5 years, Newfoundlands may develop clinical signs as early as 6 months to 1 year of age. Additionally, recurrence of cystine uroliths following surgical removal tends to occur more rapidly in this breed, indicating a more aggressive form of the disorder.

Traditional diagnosis relies on urinalysis with identification of characteristic hexagonal cystine crystals and confirmatory tests such as the nitroprusside spot test or chromatography. While these methods can identify affected dogs, they do not reliably distinguish asymptomatic carriers, limiting their utility for definitive genetic classification.

The DNA-based diagnostic test for Canine Cystinuria in Newfoundlands directly targets the causative mutation in the SLC3A1 gene, allowing definitive molecular diagnosis. This assay accurately identifies affected dogs, heterozygous carriers, and clear animals, independent of clinical status, age, or urinary findings. Because the causative gene is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered 100%.

From a clinical perspective, this test is valuable for early identification of genetically affected dogs, evaluation of young Newfoundlands with recurrent or early-onset urolithiasis, and differentiation from other causes of lower urinary tract disease. It also supports informed client counseling regarding disease prognosis, recurrence risk, and long-term management.

The Canine Diabetic Wellness panel is a targeted diagnostic and monitoring profile designed to assess glycemic control, renal function, and overall metabolic stability in diabetic dogs. This panel provides essential information for diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and management of both newly diagnosed and chronically treated diabetic patients.

The profile includes Glucose for real-time blood sugar measurement, Fructosamine to evaluate average glucose levels over the previous 2–3 weeks, and Urine Microalbumin as an early indicator of diabetic nephropathy or renal stress. A complete Urinalysis (Dipstick & Microscopy) assesses ketones, protein, specific gravity, sediment, and infection indicators, helping identify concurrent urinary tract infections or complications related to poor glycemic control.

Clinically, this panel enables comprehensive monitoring of diabetes mellitus, ensuring effective insulin therapy, dietary management, and early detection of secondary renal or urinary complications. It is ideal for routine diabetic rechecks and long-term management planning in canine patients.

The Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Antibody Titer test measures the level of circulating antibodies against CDV, a highly contagious and potentially fatal viral disease affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of dogs. A titer of 1:16 or greater generally indicates protective immunity following vaccination or previous exposure.

This serologic assay evaluates immune status and helps determine whether a dog possesses adequate humoral protection or requires revaccination. Clinically, the test is valuable for pre-vaccination screening, travel or boarding requirements, and health certification, as well as for monitoring immunologic response to vaccination in puppies and adult dogs. It supports evidence-based vaccination protocols that minimize unnecessary boosters while ensuring optimal disease protection.

The Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the RNA of CDV, a highly contagious, multisystemic morbillivirus that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems of dogs and other carnivores. Infection can cause fever, nasal and ocular discharge, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperkeratosis (“hard pad disease”), and neurologic signs such as seizures or ataxia.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers rapid, highly sensitive, and specific detection of CDV RNA in conjunctival, nasal, or oropharyngeal swabs, as well as whole blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Clinically, PCR enables early and definitive diagnosis, even before antibody response or in vaccinated animals, helping to differentiate distemper from other respiratory or neurologic diseases. Early identification allows for appropriate isolation, supportive care, and outbreak control in kennels, shelters, and breeding facilities.

The Canine Express Senior Wellness panel is a focused diagnostic screening profile designed to provide a rapid yet comprehensive evaluation of organ function, metabolic balance, and hematologic health in senior dogs. This streamlined test combination supports early detection of age-related conditions and assists veterinarians in managing preventive care and long-term treatment plans for aging patients.

The profile measures A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Cholesterol, Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Total Protein, Urea, and SDMA, providing essential insight into liver, kidney, and metabolic function. The inclusion of SDMA enhances early detection of renal insufficiency, even before traditional markers such as creatinine become elevated. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential evaluates red and white blood cell parameters and platelet counts, offering additional information on immune status, anemia, and systemic health.

Clinically, this panel is ideal for routine geriatric wellness examinations, pre-anesthetic evaluations, and monitoring of chronic medical conditions. It enables veterinarians to identify subtle biochemical and hematologic changes early, supporting proactive management and improved quality of life for senior dogs.

The Canine G.I. Comprehensive Bundle is a broad-spectrum diagnostic panel designed to evaluate infectious, parasitic, and inflammatory causes of gastrointestinal disease in dogs. Combining advanced molecular (PCR) and immunologic (ELISA) methods with microscopic fecal evaluation, this panel provides a complete assessment of enteric pathogens responsible for diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption, and other digestive disturbances.

This comprehensive bundle includes detection of Campylobacter jejuni (PCR), Canine Parvovirus (PCR), Clostridium perfringens Type A (PCR), Giardia spp. (PCR), and Salmonella spp. (PCR). It also incorporates ELISA antigen testing for Giardia duodenalis, Ancylostoma spp., Uncinaria stenocephala (Hookworms), Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxascaris leonina, Baylisascaris procyonis (Roundworms), and Trichuris vulpis (Whipworms). Traditional microscopy is performed for identification of Coccidia (Isospora, Eimeria), cysts, oocysts, trichomonads, eggs, and tapeworm segments.

Clinically, this bundle enables comprehensive identification of bacterial, viral, and parasitic enteropathogens in a single evaluation, ensuring accurate diagnosis and targeted therapeutic management. It is ideal for dogs presenting with acute or chronic gastrointestinal signs, as well as for kennel, shelter, or multi-dog household screening to prevent transmission and recurrence.

Breeds: Cairn Terrier, West Highland White Terrier

Canine Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD) is a severe inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of the enzyme galactocerebrosidase (GALC). This enzyme is essential for normal metabolism of galactocerebroside, a critical lipid component of myelin. Enzyme deficiency results in progressive accumulation of galactocerebroside and related metabolites, leading to widespread disruption of myelin-producing cells within the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Affected puppies are typically normal at birth, but exhibit failure to thrive and slower growth compared to littermates. Clinical signs emerge at a consistent, breed-dependent age as progressive demyelination affects white matter tracts in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Loss of myelin impairs normal nerve impulse conduction, resulting in progressive neurologic dysfunction.

In Cairn Terriers and West Highland White Terriers, clinical signs usually begin between 3 and 6 months of age and progress rapidly over a period of months. Common neurologic manifestations include ataxia, tremors, generalized weakness, stiff or abnormal gait, poor balance, stumbling or falling, behavioral changes, and visual deficits. Disease progression is relentless, and the condition is uniformly fatal, with affected dogs typically dying or being euthanized before reaching adulthood.

Although GLD has been reported in other breeds with later onset and slower progression, the disease course in Cairn and West Highland White Terriers is particularly aggressive. Differential diagnoses may include other juvenile-onset leukodystrophies, metabolic disorders, or inflammatory neurologic diseases, making definitive diagnosis based solely on clinical presentation challenging.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative genetic mutation associated with globoid cell leukodystrophy in these breeds. This PCR-based assay allows definitive classification of dogs as affected (homozygous), heterozygous carriers, or genetically normal, independent of age or clinical status. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports early confirmation of suspected leukodystrophy in young dogs presenting with progressive neurologic signs, assists in differentiating GLD from other neurodegenerative conditions, and provides critical prognostic information to guide client counseling and decision-making.

Breed: Portuguese Water Dog

Canine GM1 Gangliosidosis is a severe inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of acid ?-galactosidase, resulting in progressive accumulation of gangliosides and related glycosphingolipids within lysosomes. These substrates accumulate predominantly in neurons throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, including the brain, spinal cord, and autonomic ganglia, leading to progressive neurodegeneration.

In dogs, GM1 Gangliosidosis results in markedly increased total ganglioside content in the brain, along with accumulation of asialo-gangliosides and other neutral glycosphingolipids in neural and visceral tissues. The disease has been documented across multiple species; in Portuguese Water Dogs, it represents a well-characterized, breed-associated genetic disorder.

Clinically affected Portuguese Water Dogs typically begin to show signs at 4–5 months of age. The disease progresses rapidly and is characterized by neurologic dysfunction, including vision impairment, lethargy, progressive ataxia, difficulty walking, and generalized weakness. The condition is uniformly progressive and fatal, with most affected dogs succumbing to disease between 8 months and 1 year of age.

Historically, diagnosis relied on enzymatic blood assays measuring ?-galactosidase activity, which allowed identification of affected dogs but could not reliably detect asymptomatic carriers. The current PCR-based DNA assay directly targets the causative genetic mutation responsible for GM1 Gangliosidosis in Portuguese Water Dogs, providing definitive molecular diagnosis.

This DNA-based test allows accurate classification of dogs as affected (homozygous recessive), carrier (heterozygous), or clear, independent of clinical stage or enzyme activity. Because the assay detects the causative mutation directly, diagnostic accuracy is considered 100%.

From a clinical standpoint, this test supports early diagnosis in puppies presenting with progressive neurologic signs, facilitates differentiation from other juvenile-onset neurodegenerative disorders, and aids in client counseling and familial risk assessment. It is particularly valuable when evaluating young Portuguese Water Dogs with unexplained neurologic disease or a relevant family history.

Breeds: Bull Terrier, Lhasa Apso

The Canine Hemophilia B DNA Test is a targeted molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the causative mutation in the Factor IX (F9) gene associated with Hemophilia B, an inherited X-linked coagulation disorder in dogs. This test provides definitive genetic confirmation of disease status and supports accurate diagnosis in patients with suspected bleeding disorders.

The assay directly identifies the genetic defect responsible for deficient or absent functional Factor IX, a critical component of the intrinsic coagulation pathway. Unlike functional coagulation testing, which measures circulating factor activity and may be influenced by age, concurrent illness, transfusions, or sample handling, this DNA-based test determines the underlying cause of the disorder with high diagnostic specificity.

Clinically, Hemophilia B should be considered in dogs presenting with unexplained or excessive bleeding, prolonged hemorrhage following surgery or vaccination, hematoma formation, lameness due to joint or muscle hemorrhage, bloody diarrhea, or evidence of internal bleeding. Severe cases may involve thoracic or neurologic hemorrhage and can be life-threatening. Early genetic confirmation facilitates appropriate case management, surgical risk assessment, and informed client counseling.

This test is particularly valuable for dogs from breeds with known predisposition, including Bull Terriers and Lhasa Apsos, as well as for patients with abnormal coagulation profiles where traditional clotting assays yield inconclusive results. Identification of carrier females may also be clinically relevant when evaluating familial bleeding histories.

The Canine Herpesvirus (CHV-1) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of CHV-1, an alpha-herpesvirus that causes reproductive failure, neonatal mortality, and respiratory disease in dogs. The virus is often latent in adult carriers and can be reactivated by stress, illness, or breeding, posing significant risks in kennels and breeding programs.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of viral DNA in reproductive secretions, placental tissue, nasal swabs, or neonatal organs. PCR allows for early and definitive diagnosis, even in subclinical or latent infections. Clinically, CHV-1 testing is essential for investigating abortion, stillbirth, or fading puppy syndrome, as well as for screening breeding animals to prevent viral transmission.

The Canine Infectious Diarrhea Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to identify the most common infectious agents causing acute or chronic diarrhea in dogs. This profile screens for **Campylobacter jejuni, Canine Parvovirus, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia spp., and Salmonella spp.—**a combination of bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens frequently implicated in enteric disease.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of pathogen DNA or RNA in fecal samples, allowing for early and accurate diagnosis, even in cases of low pathogen load or mixed infections. Clinically, this panel assists in differentiating infectious from non-infectious causes of diarrhea, guiding targeted antimicrobial or antiparasitic therapy, and supporting outbreak control and prevention in kennels, shelters, and multi-dog households.

The Canine Infectious Diarrhea Profile (PCR) with Ova & Parasites is a comprehensive diagnostic panel combining molecular detection of major enteric pathogens with microscopic evaluation for intestinal parasites. This panel provides a complete assessment of infectious causes of diarrhea, malabsorption, and gastrointestinal inflammation in dogs.

The PCR component screens for Campylobacter jejuni, Canine Parvovirus, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia spp., and Salmonella spp. — the most common bacterial, viral, and protozoal pathogens causing canine enteritis. The Ova & Parasite (O&P) examination identifies helminth eggs, protozoal cysts, oocysts, and larvae, including Toxocara, Trichuris, Ancylostoma, Isospora, and Eimeria species, through direct microscopy and concentration methods.

Clinically, this integrated approach enables comprehensive detection of co-infections, improving diagnostic accuracy and supporting targeted treatment, deworming, and biosecurity strategies. It is especially valuable for dogs presenting with diarrhea, weight loss, or poor body condition, and for routine screening in kennels, shelters, and breeding facilities to control gastrointestinal parasite transmission.

The Canine Infectious Kidney Profile (PCR) is a targeted molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the primary infectious agents associated with renal inflammation and dysfunction in dogs. This panel screens for **Bartonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Leptospira spp.—pathogens known to cause acute and chronic nephritis, renal failure, and systemic illness.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay offers rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of bacterial DNA in blood, urine, or tissue samples, enabling early identification of infection before significant kidney damage occurs. Clinically, this panel is essential for differentiating infectious from non-infectious renal disease, guiding antimicrobial therapy, and supporting epidemiologic surveillance in both endemic and kennel environments.

By identifying coinfections or subclinical carriers, this profile aids in preventing disease spread and enhances treatment outcomes through precise diagnosis and monitoring of renal infectious agents.

The Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect and differentiate the two known strains of CIV — H3N8 and H3N2 — both of which cause highly contagious respiratory disease in dogs. Infection typically presents with coughing, nasal discharge, fever, lethargy, and reduced appetite, and may progress to pneumonia in severe or secondary bacterial infections.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral RNA from nasal, pharyngeal, or tracheal swabs. PCR enables early diagnosis, even before seroconversion, allowing for timely treatment, quarantine, and outbreak control. Clinically, the assay assists veterinarians in differentiating CIV from other respiratory pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica, Parainfluenza virus, or Canine Distemper Virus.

This test is a critical component of respiratory disease surveillance, helping prevent the spread of infection in kennels, shelters, boarding facilities, and veterinary hospitals.

The Canine Leishmaniasis (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi), the protozoan parasite responsible for canine leishmaniasis, a vector-borne zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies. The infection may remain subclinical for months or years before progressing to systemic illness characterized by weight loss, lymphadenopathy, dermatitis, epistaxis, ocular lesions, anemia, and renal dysfunction.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of Leishmania DNA in blood, lymph node aspirates, bone marrow, or skin samples. PCR allows for early diagnosis, differentiation from other vector-borne infections, and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Clinically, this test is essential for confirming infection in endemic or imported dogs, screening breeding or traveling animals, and supporting public health surveillance due to the zoonotic potential of the parasite.

Breed: Irish Setter

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (CLAD) is a severe inherited immunodeficiency disorder characterized by impaired leukocyte adhesion and migration, resulting in an inability of white blood cells to effectively respond to infection. The condition was first described in Irish Setters and is caused by a mutation affecting expression and function of the CD18 (??-integrin) molecule, which is essential for normal leukocyte adhesion and extravasation.

Molecular analysis in affected Irish Setters has identified a single missense mutation in the CD18 gene that shows complete association with CLAD in this breed. This mutation disrupts normal disulfide bonding within the ??-integrin protein, leading to defective leukocyte adhesion and compromised immune function.

Clinically, affected dogs present with recurrent, severe bacterial infections involving the skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal system. Despite marked leukocytosis, infected tissues lack appropriate neutrophil infiltration due to impaired cell migration. Puppies often exhibit poor wound healing, delayed resolution of infections, fever, and failure to thrive. The disease course is progressive and can be life-threatening without aggressive supportive care.

Historically, diagnosis relied on specialized techniques such as flow cytometry to assess CD18 expression on leukocytes. While informative, these methods require specialized equipment and expertise and may yield false-negative results, particularly in early or partial expression states.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative CD18 gene mutation responsible for CLAD in Irish Setters. This PCR-based assay allows definitive identification of affected dogs, heterozygous carriers, and genetically normal individuals, independent of age, immune status, or clinical presentation. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports early confirmation of suspected immunodeficiency in Irish Setter puppies presenting with recurrent or severe infections, assists in differentiating CLAD from other causes of juvenile immunodeficiency, and provides critical prognostic information to guide client counseling and case management.

The Canine Lost Pregnancy Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to identify the major infectious agents associated with infertility, abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal loss in dogs. This profile screens for **Brucella canis, Canine Herpesvirus (CHV-1), Chlamydophila psittaci, Mycoplasma spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Ureaplasma spp.—pathogens known to cause reproductive failure and perinatal mortality.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of bacterial and viral DNA from reproductive swabs, placental tissue, fetal organs, or fluids. Clinically, this test is essential for identifying the infectious cause of pregnancy loss, enabling veterinarians and breeders to implement targeted treatment, biosecurity measures, and breeding management strategies.

By detecting both overt and subclinical infections, this profile supports early intervention, prevention of recurrent reproductive losses, and maintenance of kennel and breeding colony health. It is an invaluable tool for investigating unexplained infertility or abortion and safeguarding future breeding success.

All Breeds

Canine Multidrug Sensitivity (MDR1) is an inherited pharmacogenetic disorder caused by a mutation in the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1, also known as ABCB1). This gene encodes P-glycoprotein, a critical transmembrane efflux pump involved in limiting drug penetration into the brain and facilitating drug elimination through the blood–brain barrier, intestinal epithelium, liver, and kidneys.

Dogs carrying the MDR1 mutation have reduced or absent functional P-glycoprotein. As a result, certain drugs are not efficiently transported out of the brain or eliminated from the body, leading to excessive central nervous system exposure and increased systemic drug concentrations. This altered pharmacokinetic profile significantly increases the risk of adverse drug reactions.

Although the mutation can occur in any breed, increased prevalence has been documented in Collies, Australian Shepherds, Longhaired Whippets, and related herding breeds. However, because mixed-breed dogs may also carry the mutation, breed alone is not a reliable predictor of risk.

Clinically, affected dogs may develop neurologic toxicity following administration of P-glycoprotein substrate drugs. Reported signs include hypersalivation, ataxia, tremors, blindness, depression, disorientation, coma, respiratory compromise, and death. Severity depends on drug type, dose, and the dog’s genetic status. Dogs heterozygous for the mutation may exhibit milder or dose-dependent adverse effects.

Drugs documented or strongly suspected to cause adverse reactions in MDR1-affected dogs include, but are not limited to:
Acepromazine, Butorphanol, Cyclosporine, Digoxin, Doxorubicin, Ivermectin, Loperamide, Moxidectin, Vinblastine, and Vincristine.
Biochemical studies indicate that P-glycoprotein interacts with more than 50 drugs, and additional agents such as Domperidone, Etoposide, Mitoxantrone, Morphine, Ondansetron, Paclitaxel, Quinidine, and Rifampicin may also pose risk.

The DNA-based MDR1 test directly detects the causative mutation in the ABCB1 gene, allowing definitive classification of dogs as genetically normal, heterozygous (carrier), or affected (homozygous mutant). Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered 100%.

From a clinical standpoint, this test is a critical tool for safe drug selection and dosing, particularly prior to administration of antiparasitic, chemotherapeutic, anesthetic, or neurologically active medications. Rather than empirically avoiding certain drugs in predisposed breeds, veterinarians can use genetic results to guide individualized treatment decisions, reduce adverse drug events, and improve patient safety.

Breed: Golden Retriever

Canine Muscular Dystrophy (CMD) is a severe inherited neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle due to deficiency or absence of dystrophin, a structural protein essential for maintaining muscle fiber integrity. In Golden Retrievers, this condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner and closely parallels Duchenne muscular dystrophy in humans.

Clinical signs typically become apparent between 6 and 9 weeks of age and include progressive muscle weakness, stiff or abnormal gait, exercise intolerance, muscle atrophy, and development of muscle contractures. Affected puppies often have difficulty rising, walking, or swallowing as the disease advances. Serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations are markedly elevated and may be detectable as early as 1–2 days of age, preceding overt clinical signs.

Histopathologic examination of muscle tissue reveals characteristic lesions, including muscle fiber necrosis, phagocytosis, regeneration, hypertrophy, endomysial fibrosis, and myofiber mineralization. In addition to skeletal muscle involvement, cardiomyopathy is a consistent feature of X-linked muscular dystrophy. Older affected dogs are at significant risk of developing heart failure, which may contribute to morbidity and mortality.

Definitive diagnosis traditionally involves demonstration of reduced or absent dystrophin expression using immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence on muscle biopsy samples, followed by molecular confirmation. However, muscle biopsy is invasive and may be impractical in very young or debilitated patients.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative mutation in the dystrophin gene responsible for X-linked Canine Muscular Dystrophy in Golden Retrievers. This assay allows definitive identification of affected males, heterozygous carrier females, and genetically normal individuals, independent of age or disease stage. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports early confirmation of suspected muscular dystrophy in young puppies with weakness or elevated CK, assists in differentiation from other congenital or metabolic myopathies, and provides critical prognostic information to guide case management and client counseling. Identification of carrier females may also be clinically relevant when evaluating familial disease risk.

Breeds: Doberman Pinscher, Labrador Retriever

Canine Narcolepsy is an inherited neurologic sleep disorder characterized by dysregulation of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and impaired maintenance of wakefulness. The condition results in excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden sleep attacks, and abnormal REM sleep intrusion during wakefulness. Canine narcolepsy represents the only known neurologic disorder that primarily affects the generation and organization of sleep.

In dogs, narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin receptor 2 gene (HCRTR2). Hypocretins (also known as orexins) are excitatory neuropeptides produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, a brain region involved in regulation of sleep–wake cycles, metabolism, and autonomic function. These neurons project to multiple brain regions, including the brainstem and pons, which are critical for REM sleep control.

In normal animals, stimulation of the hypocretin system promotes wakefulness and suppresses inappropriate REM sleep. In dogs carrying the HCRTR2 mutation, this regulatory mechanism is disrupted, resulting in fragmented nocturnal sleep, excessive daytime somnolence, and sudden transitions into REM sleep. This pathophysiology closely parallels human narcolepsy, making the canine disease an important comparative neurologic model.

Clinically affected dogs typically exhibit sudden episodes of muscle weakness or collapse (cataplexy), often triggered by excitement, feeding, or play, while remaining conscious. Additional signs may include frequent sleep attacks, abnormal sleep–wake cycles, and exercise intolerance. The severity and frequency of episodes can vary between individuals.

Diagnosis of narcolepsy is often suggested by characteristic clinical signs; however, heterozygous carrier dogs are asymptomatic and cannot be identified through clinical evaluation alone. Advanced diagnostic approaches such as electroencephalography or pharmacologic testing are rarely performed in routine practice.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative mutation in the HCRTR2 gene associated with narcolepsy in Doberman Pinschers and Labrador Retrievers. This PCR-based assay allows definitive identification of affected dogs, heterozygous carriers, and genetically normal individuals, independent of clinical presentation. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered 100%.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports confirmation of suspected narcolepsy in dogs presenting with episodic collapse or sleep disturbances, assists in differentiation from seizure disorders or syncope, and provides valuable information for prognosis and long-term case management. It may also be useful in evaluating familial neurologic histories where narcolepsy is suspected.

The Canine Neurological Profile (PCR) is a targeted molecular diagnostic panel developed to detect the primary infectious agents associated with neurological disease in dogs. This comprehensive test screens for Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), and Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease agent)—pathogens that can cause encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, or peripheral neuropathy.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this panel provides highly sensitive and specific detection of pathogen DNA or RNA in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, or tissue samples, allowing for rapid and definitive diagnosis. Clinically, it is essential for differentiating infectious from inflammatory or degenerative neurological disorders, guiding appropriate antimicrobial or antiviral therapy, and improving prognosis through early intervention.

This diagnostic profile is particularly valuable for dogs presenting with seizures, ataxia, paresis, cranial nerve deficits, or behavioral changes, as it enables comprehensive detection of key neurotropic pathogens in a single test.

The Canine Ocular Infection Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the most common infectious agents associated with conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, and other ocular diseases in dogs. This panel screens for **Aspergillus spp., Chlamydia psittaci, Canine Herpesvirus (CHV-1), Mycoplasma spp., and Candida spp.—pathogens that may cause primary or opportunistic eye infections.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of bacterial and fungal DNA in ocular swabs, corneal scrapings, or conjunctival samples. Clinically, it enables rapid identification of infectious causes of ocular inflammation, supports targeted antimicrobial or antifungal therapy, and assists in differentiating infectious from immune-mediated or traumatic eye conditions.

This panel is particularly valuable for dogs presenting with chronic or recurrent ocular discharge, corneal ulcers, or vision changes, ensuring timely and precise management of potentially sight-threatening infections.

The Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase (Spec) test measures the concentration of pancreatic lipase, an enzyme produced exclusively by pancreatic acinar cells and released into circulation during pancreatic inflammation or injury. Unlike general serum lipase activity, this assay specifically quantifies pancreas-derived lipase, making it a highly reliable marker for canine pancreatitis.

Clinically, elevated pancreas-specific lipase levels are strongly indicative of acute or chronic pancreatitis, while mild increases may occur with secondary inflammatory or metabolic disorders. This test is valuable for confirming pancreatitis in dogs presenting with vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, or lethargy, and for monitoring disease progression or therapeutic response. When interpreted alongside other biochemical and imaging findings, it provides a definitive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for pancreatic health evaluation.

The Canine Pancreas-Specific Lipase (Snap) test is a rapid, semi-quantitative immunoassay designed to detect elevated levels of pancreatic lipase, an enzyme uniquely produced by the exocrine pancreas.

The SNAP assay detects increased canine pancreas-specific lipase (cPL) concentrations in serum or plasma, correlating with acute pancreatic inflammation or injury. Clinically, it is especially useful in dogs presenting with vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, or anorexia, and serves as a first-line diagnostic indicator of pancreatitis. Positive results should be confirmed with quantitative pancreas-specific lipase testing or imaging for comprehensive assessment.

The Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the RNA of CPIV, one of the primary viral pathogens associated with canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), commonly known as kennel cough. The virus infects the upper respiratory tract, leading to coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, and fever, and frequently occurs in conjunction with Bordetella bronchiseptica or Canine Adenovirus.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral RNA in nasal, pharyngeal, or tracheal swabs. PCR allows for early identification of infection, even in mild or subclinical cases, facilitating timely treatment and effective isolation measures. Clinically, the CPIV PCR test is essential for diagnosing respiratory outbreaks, differentiating viral from bacterial infections, and monitoring vaccine effectiveness in kennel, shelter, and multi-dog environments.

All Breeds

The Canine Parentage Test is a DNA-based genetic analysis used to confirm or exclude biological relationships between sires, dams, and their offspring. The assay evaluates a panel of highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) markers, which are unique to each individual and provide a reliable genetic fingerprint for parentage verification across all canine breeds.

Testing yields the highest level of confidence when samples from the sire, dam, and offspring are submitted. When a dam sample is unavailable, parentage analysis may still be performed using sire and offspring samples, although inclusion of both parents increases statistical certainty. Because multiple-sire litters can occur in dogs, testing of all puppies within a litter is strongly recommended to ensure accurate assignment of parentage.

From a veterinary and genetic verification standpoint, this test is useful in cases requiring confirmation of biological relationships, including pedigree verification, resolution of disputed parentage, and documentation for registries or legal purposes. It may also be relevant when evaluating inherited conditions where accurate lineage information is clinically important.

This assay is designed solely for parentage determination and does not provide breed identification, breed composition, or genetic disease risk assessment.

The Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Antibody Titer test measures the level of circulating antibodies against CPV, a highly contagious and potentially fatal viral disease that causes severe gastroenteritis, dehydration, and leukopenia in dogs. A titer level of 1:80 or greater is generally considered indicative of protective immunity following vaccination or natural exposure.

This serologic assay helps determine a dog’s immune status and assists in evaluating whether revaccination is necessary. Clinically, the CPV titer test is valuable for pre-vaccination screening, assessing vaccine response, verifying immunity for travel or boarding, and supporting evidence-based vaccination protocols that avoid unnecessary boosters while maintaining adequate protection.

The test plays an essential role in preventive care, particularly for puppies, breeding dogs, and immunocompromised animals, by ensuring robust immunity against this severe and often life-threatening infection.

The Canine Parvovirus (CPV) Antigen ELISA test is a rapid immunoassay designed to detect viral antigen shed in feces from dogs infected with CPV, a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects puppies and unvaccinated dogs. The virus attacks rapidly dividing cells in the intestinal tract and bone marrow, leading to severe vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhea, dehydration, and leukopenia.

This enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) provides fast, sensitive, and specific detection of CPV antigen, making it ideal for point-of-care diagnosis. Clinically, it enables early confirmation of infection, differentiation from other causes of gastroenteritis, and implementation of appropriate isolation and supportive treatment to limit disease spread. Positive results indicate active viral shedding, while negative results in symptomatic dogs may warrant confirmation by PCR for greater sensitivity.

The CPV Antigen ELISA is an essential diagnostic tool for rapid in-clinic evaluation of parvoviral enteritis, especially in outbreak settings such as kennels, shelters, and breeding facilities.

The Canine Parvovirus (CPV) PCR test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Canine Parvovirus, a highly contagious viral pathogen that causes acute gastroenteritis, dehydration, and severe leukopenia, particularly in puppies and unvaccinated dogs. The virus targets rapidly dividing cells in the intestinal crypts and bone marrow, often resulting in bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and immune suppression.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers high sensitivity and specificity for detecting parvoviral DNA in fecal or blood samples. However, it is important to note that the assay does not distinguish between wild-type and vaccine strains. Following immunization with a modified live Parvovirus vaccine, viral DNA may be detected in circulation or feces for up to 2–3 weeks post-vaccination.

Clinically, this test is valuable for confirming parvoviral infection, differentiating infectious from non-infectious enteritis, and monitoring outbreaks. PCR remains the gold standard for early and definitive diagnosis, supporting rapid clinical intervention and biosecurity measures in kennels, shelters, and breeding environments.

Breeds: Cocker Spaniel, English Springer Spaniel

Canine Phosphofructokinase (PFK) Deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder affecting glycolysis in red blood cells and skeletal muscle. Phosphofructokinase is a key regulatory enzyme required for efficient energy production, particularly during periods of increased metabolic demand such as exercise, heat exposure, or stress.

Deficiency of PFK results in premature red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis) and reduced exercise tolerance. Affected dogs typically have a chronic, mild, compensated hemolytic anemia, which may be clinically unapparent under resting conditions. However, dogs experience intermittent episodes of acute hemolysis, often triggered by intense exercise, overheating, prolonged barking, or excessive panting.

During acute hemolytic episodes, affected dogs may present with lethargy, weakness, pale or icteric mucous membranes, tachycardia, and hyperthermia. Hemoglobinuria may be observed, resulting in dark brown or reddish urine due to excretion of hemoglobin breakdown products. These episodes often require prompt veterinary intervention and supportive care.

Between episodes, many dogs compensate well for their chronic anemia, which can delay recognition of the disorder. Routine hematologic evaluation may reveal persistently reduced red blood cell counts, while biochemical findings during crises are consistent with hemolytic anemia.

Clinical diagnosis is initially suggested by findings of exercise- or stress-induced hemolytic anemia, but confirmation of PFK deficiency requires molecular genetic testing, as clinical and laboratory features may overlap with other hemolytic disorders.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative mutation associated with PFK deficiency in Cocker Spaniels and English Springer Spaniels. This PCR-based assay allows definitive classification of dogs as affected (homozygous), heterozygous carriers, or genetically normal, independent of age or clinical status. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports confirmation of suspected PFK deficiency in dogs presenting with recurrent or exercise-induced hemolytic anemia, assists in differentiation from immune-mediated or toxic causes of hemolysis, and provides critical information for prognosis, long-term management, and client counseling.

The Canine PLI, B12, and Folate panel is a comprehensive gastrointestinal function assessment designed to evaluate exocrine pancreatic function and small intestinal health in dogs. This diagnostic combination helps identify disorders causing chronic vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, or malabsorption.

Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI) specifically measures pancreas-derived lipase, serving as the most sensitive and specific biomarker for pancreatitis and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) reflects ileal absorption and intrinsic factor function, while Folate (Vitamin B9) indicates proximal small intestinal absorption and bacterial metabolism. Abnormal levels of B12 or Folate can help localize intestinal disease or bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

Clinically, this panel provides a comprehensive picture of pancreatic and intestinal function, guiding diagnosis and management of conditions such as EPI, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), bacterial dysbiosis, and chronic enteropathies. It is essential for monitoring gastrointestinal health and treatment response in dogs with persistent digestive symptoms.

The Canine Post-Vaccination Profile is a serologic evaluation designed to assess a dog’s immune response following vaccination against Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) and Canine Parvovirus (CPV). This profile measures specific antibody titers to confirm the development of protective immunity and evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination.

Testing should be performed no sooner than two weeks after vaccine administration to allow sufficient time for the immune system to mount a measurable antibody response. Adequate titer levels indicate successful immunization and protective immunity, while low or absent titers may suggest vaccine failure, poor immune response, or interference from maternal antibodies in young puppies.

Clinically, this profile is valuable for monitoring vaccine efficacy, determining revaccination needs, verifying immunity for travel or boarding, and supporting evidence-based vaccination protocols that minimize unnecessary boosters while maintaining full disease protection.

The Canine Pregnancy Test (Relaxin) is an immunoassay that detects relaxin, a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Relaxin is a reliable and specific biomarker for confirming pregnancy in dogs, as it is not elevated in pseudopregnant or non-pregnant females.

Detection typically becomes possible between 20 and 28 days post–LH surge, when approximately 80% of pregnant females test positive. However, some dogs may not produce detectable levels of relaxin until up to 34 days post-breeding. If an initial test is negative but pregnancy is still suspected, retesting at least 34 days post-breeding is recommended to confirm results.

Clinically, this test provides a non-invasive, accurate, and convenient method for early pregnancy confirmation and monitoring reproductive success. It is especially useful in breeding management, whelping preparation, and differential diagnosis of pseudopregnancy.

The Canine Pre-Surgical Screening panel is a routine pre-anesthetic evaluation designed to assess a dog’s organ function, metabolic stability, and hematologic health before surgery. This profile helps identify underlying or subclinical conditions that may increase anesthetic risk or complicate postoperative recovery.

The panel includes ALP, ALT, Creatinine, Glucose, Total Protein, Urea, and a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential. These tests provide vital information about liver and kidney function, hydration status, metabolic balance, and hematologic parameters such as red and white blood cell counts and platelet levels. Together, they help ensure that anesthesia and surgical procedures are performed safely and with minimal risk.

Clinically, this screening is recommended for all patients prior to anesthesia, especially senior dogs or those with a history of illness or chronic medication use. It supports individualized anesthetic planning, perioperative management, and early detection of potential complications, promoting the best surgical outcomes.

Breeds: Cardigan Welsh Corgi, Irish Setter

Canine Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) refers to a group of inherited retinal degenerative disorders characterized by progressive loss of photoreceptor function, ultimately resulting in blindness. The disease is marked by gradual degeneration of the retina, most commonly affecting rod photoreceptors first, followed by cone involvement as the condition advances.

The retina is a highly specialized neural tissue located at the back of the eye, responsible for converting light stimuli into neural signals transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. In PRA, progressive photoreceptor degeneration disrupts this process. Depending on the specific genetic form, degeneration may involve rods, cones, or both.

Clinically, PRA is typically insidious and slowly progressive, with early signs often going unnoticed by owners. Initial manifestations usually include night blindness, reflected by hesitancy in low-light environments, disorientation in the dark, or reluctance to enter dimly lit areas. As the disease progresses, visual impairment extends to daylight vision, ultimately resulting in complete blindness.

PRA is non-painful and is not associated with ocular inflammation, redness, squinting, or discharge. Pupillary dilation and increased retinal reflectivity may be observed on ophthalmic examination, producing an abnormal “eye shine.” Because clinical signs may not become apparent until significant retinal degeneration has occurred, repeated examinations or advanced diagnostics may be required for detection.

It is important to distinguish PRA from retinal dysplasia, which results from abnormal retinal development rather than progressive degeneration. While infectious, toxic, or inflammatory conditions may also cause retinal changes, PRA represents a primary degenerative process.

Definitive diagnosis based solely on clinical signs and routine ophthalmic examination can be challenging, particularly in early disease stages. DNA-based testing provides a reliable method for identifying the specific inherited form of PRA present in predisposed breeds.

The DNA-based PRA test directly detects the causative genetic mutation associated with Progressive Retinal Atrophy in Cardigan Welsh Corgis and Irish Setters. This PCR-based assay allows definitive classification of dogs as affected (homozygous), heterozygous carriers, or genetically normal, independent of clinical stage. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports early confirmation of suspected inherited retinal degeneration, assists in differentiation from other causes of vision loss, and provides essential prognostic information for long-term management and client counseling.

Breeds: Basenji, West Highland White Terrier

Canine Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Deficiency, also referred to as erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency, is an inherited metabolic hemolytic anemia caused by deficiency of the pyruvate kinase enzyme in red blood cells. Pyruvate kinase plays a critical role in glycolysis and energy production within erythrocytes, which lack alternative metabolic pathways.

In affected dogs, insufficient PK activity leads to premature rupture and destruction of red blood cells, resulting in chronic, progressive hemolytic anemia. Clinical signs of anemia may include pale mucous membranes, tachycardia, bounding pulses, generalized weakness, lethargy, and reduced exercise tolerance. Hepatosplenomegaly is commonly observed due to increased red blood cell destruction and extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Clinical onset most commonly occurs between 4 months and 1 year of age, although dogs with low activity levels may remain asymptomatic until later in life. As the disease progresses, affected dogs may develop progressive anemia, hepatic dysfunction, and bone marrow changes. Radiographically, increased bone density may be observed in dogs older than one year, reflecting compensatory marrow activity.

The disease course is progressive and often fatal. Most affected dogs succumb between 1 and 4 years of age, typically due to complications related to severe anemia or liver failure. Clinical findings may overlap with other causes of hemolytic anemia, making definitive diagnosis based on clinical and routine laboratory evaluation alone challenging.

The DNA-based diagnostic test directly detects the causative genetic mutation associated with PK deficiency in Basenjis and West Highland White Terriers. This PCR-based assay allows definitive classification of dogs as affected (homozygous), heterozygous carriers, or genetically normal, independent of age or clinical status. Because the causative mutation is directly analyzed, diagnostic accuracy is considered highly reliable.

From a clinical perspective, this test supports confirmation of suspected inherited hemolytic anemia, assists in differentiation from immune-mediated or toxic causes of hemolysis, and provides critical prognostic information to guide case management and client counseling.

The Canine Respiratory Infection Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the primary infectious agents associated with respiratory disease in dogs. This panel screens for **Aspergillus spp., Blastomyces dermatitidis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Canine Herpesvirus (CHV-1), and Mycoplasma spp.—pathogens that may cause upper or lower respiratory infections ranging from mild coughing to severe pneumonia.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of bacterial, viral, and fungal DNA in nasal, tracheal, or bronchoalveolar samples. PCR allows for rapid and accurate identification of single or mixed infections, supporting timely diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial, antiviral, or antifungal therapy.

Clinically, this panel is invaluable for dogs presenting with coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, respiratory distress, or chronic nasal disease. It assists veterinarians in differentiating infectious from inflammatory or neoplastic conditions.

The Canine Semen Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel developed to detect infectious agents that affect semen quality, fertility, and reproductive health in male dogs. This profile screens for **Brucella canis, Chlamydophila psittaci, Canine Herpesvirus (CHV-1), Leptospira spp., Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp.—pathogens commonly implicated in infertility, reduced sperm motility, and reproductive failure.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of bacterial and viral DNA in semen, preputial, or prostatic samples. PCR enables early identification of active or subclinical infections, which may otherwise go undetected during routine culture or microscopic examination.

Clinically, this panel is essential for breeding soundness evaluations, screening of stud dogs, and investigation of infertility, poor conception rates, or abnormal semen parameters. Early detection allows for targeted antimicrobial or antiviral therapy, reducing the risk of transmission to breeding partners and improving overall reproductive success.

The Canine Thyroglobulin Autoantibody (TgAA) test is a serologic assay used to detect autoantibodies directed against thyroglobulin, a precursor protein essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. The presence of these autoantibodies is the most reliable diagnostic indicator of immune-mediated thyroiditis, the most common cause of hypothyroidism in dogs.

Detection of thyroglobulin autoantibodies indicates active or early autoimmune destruction of thyroid tissue, which may precede measurable decreases in thyroid hormone concentrations. Clinically, the TgAA test is valuable for screening breeding animals, diagnosing subclinical thyroid disease, and monitoring progression to overt hypothyroidism. When interpreted alongside Total T4, Free T4, and TSH, it provides a comprehensive evaluation of thyroid function and immune status.

This test is a cornerstone for early identification of autoimmune thyroiditis, enabling timely intervention, management, and informed breeding decisions to reduce the prevalence of heritable thyroid disease.

The Canine Thyroid Mini Profile provides a focused evaluation of thyroid function by measuring Canine TSH, Free T4, and Total T4 levels. This combination of tests allows veterinarians to accurately assess thyroid gland activity and hormonal balance, helping to diagnose or rule out hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in dogs.

Total T4 measures the overall circulating thyroxine, while Free T4 reflects the biologically active fraction unaffected by protein binding. Canine TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) evaluates pituitary response, which increases in most hypothyroid cases. Together, these parameters provide a sensitive and specific assessment of thyroid health and endocrine feedback regulation.

Clinically, this panel is ideal for dogs showing signs of lethargy, weight gain, hair loss, dermatologic issues, or metabolic slowdown, and for monitoring thyroid replacement therapy. It serves as a valuable diagnostic tool for routine screening, disease confirmation, and treatment management.

The Canine Thyroid Profile is a comprehensive diagnostic panel that evaluates both functional and autoimmune aspects of thyroid health in dogs. This panel measures Canine Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies (TgAA), Canine TSH, Free T4, Total T4, and T3, providing a complete assessment of thyroid gland activity, hormonal balance, and immune-mediated thyroid disease.

Thyroglobulin Autoantibodies (TgAA) detect autoimmune thyroiditis, the leading cause of hypothyroidism in dogs. Free T4 reflects the physiologically active hormone fraction, while Total T4 and T3 measure overall thyroid hormone production. Canine TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) indicates pituitary feedback response to thyroid hormone levels. Together, these parameters enable precise differentiation between primary hypothyroidism, non-thyroidal illness, and autoimmune thyroid dysfunction.

Clinically, this profile is essential for dogs with signs of endocrine imbalance—such as lethargy, weight gain, dermatologic changes, or reproductive issues—and for breeding stock screening to identify hereditary autoimmune thyroiditis. It also assists in monitoring thyroid replacement therapy and long-term endocrine health.

The Canine TLI test measures serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, a specific indicator of exocrine pancreatic function. This assay quantifies trypsin and trypsinogen—enzymes produced exclusively by pancreatic acinar cells—and is the gold standard test for diagnosing Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) in dogs.

In healthy animals, small amounts of trypsinogen leak into the bloodstream; however, in dogs with EPI, TLI concentrations are markedly reduced due to loss of pancreatic enzyme-producing tissue. Elevated levels may also occur with acute or chronic pancreatitis.

Clinically, the Canine TLI test is essential for evaluating dogs with chronic diarrhea, weight loss, flatulence, poor coat condition, or increased appetite despite weight loss. It provides a highly sensitive and specific diagnosis of EPI, enabling appropriate management through enzyme replacement therapy and dietary modification.

The Canine TLI, B12, and Folate panel provides a comprehensive evaluation of pancreatic and small intestinal function, allowing for accurate diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and intestinal malabsorption or dysbiosis in dogs.

Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity (TLI) is the gold standard test for diagnosing EPI, as it measures pancreas-specific enzymes (trypsin and trypsinogen) that are decreased when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient digestive enzymes. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) and Folate (Vitamin B9) concentrations assess the absorptive capacity and bacterial balance within the small intestine: decreased B12 suggests ileal disease or bacterial overgrowth, while elevated Folate may indicate bacterial proliferation and decreased Folate may point to proximal small intestinal disease.

Clinically, this panel is essential for dogs showing chronic diarrhea, weight loss, flatulence, poor coat quality, or polyphagia with malnutrition. It enables precise differentiation between pancreatic and intestinal causes of digestive disorders, guiding effective enzyme replacement, dietary management, and supplementation strategies.

The Canine TLI, PLI, B12, and Folate panel is a comprehensive gastrointestinal function and pancreatic health profile designed to evaluate both exocrine pancreatic activity and small intestinal absorptive function in dogs. It is the most complete diagnostic combination for investigating chronic gastrointestinal disease, malabsorption, and maldigestion.

Trypsin-Like Immunoreactivity (TLI) is the gold standard test for diagnosing Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) by measuring pancreas-specific enzymes. Pancreas-Specific Lipase (PLI) is the most sensitive and specific marker for pancreatitis, detecting pancreatic inflammation or injury. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) and Folate (Vitamin B9) assess small intestinal absorption and bacterial balance, helping to identify intestinal disease, dysbiosis, or bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

Clinically, this integrated panel is essential for dogs presenting with chronic diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, flatulence, poor coat condition, or abnormal appetite. It provides a clear distinction between pancreatic and intestinal disorders, supporting accurate diagnosis and effective treatment through enzyme replacement, antimicrobial or dietary therapy, and nutritional supplementation.

The Canine TSH test measures thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations to evaluate pituitary regulation of thyroid gland activity. Produced by the pituitary gland, TSH controls the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones—thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)—which are essential for metabolism, growth, and energy regulation.

In dogs, elevated TSH levels typically indicate primary hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland fails to produce adequate hormones, prompting increased pituitary stimulation. Conversely, low or undetectable TSH values may occur with hyperthyroidism (rare in dogs) or secondary hypothyroidism due to pituitary dysfunction.

Clinically, the Canine TSH test is most informative when interpreted alongside Total T4 and Free T4, forming part of a complete thyroid function panel. It is particularly useful for dogs exhibiting lethargy, weight gain, dermatologic issues, infertility, or metabolic slowing, and for monitoring thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

The Canine Viral Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the major viral pathogens responsible for systemic and respiratory disease in dogs. This assay screens for **Canine Adenovirus Type 1 (CAV-1), Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV), and Canine Parvovirus (CPV)—the most clinically significant viruses affecting canine health worldwide.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this panel provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of viral DNA or RNA in blood, fecal, or respiratory samples. PCR enables early and accurate diagnosis, even before antibody development or overt clinical signs, allowing for timely treatment, isolation, and outbreak control.

Clinically, this panel is essential for dogs presenting with fever, respiratory signs, vomiting, diarrhea, or neurologic symptoms, as well as for screening in kennels, shelters, and breeding facilities. It supports veterinarians in differentiating between co-infections, confirming vaccination response, and implementing effective disease prevention and management strategies.

The Canine Wellness – 1 panel is a routine health screening profile designed to assess overall organ function, metabolic balance, and hematologic health in dogs. This combination of biochemical and hematologic tests provides a valuable baseline for preventive care and early disease detection, even in clinically healthy animals.

The profile includes A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Phosphorus, Total Protein, Urea, and a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential. These parameters collectively evaluate liver and kidney function, protein metabolism, electrolyte status, and immune system health, while the CBC provides detailed information on red and white blood cell counts, hemoglobin, and platelets.

Clinically, this panel is ideal for annual wellness exams, pre-anesthetic evaluations, and early screening for metabolic or systemic disease. It allows veterinarians to establish baseline values, detect subclinical changes, and monitor ongoing treatments, promoting proactive health management and long-term well-being in canine patients.

The Canine Wellness – 2 panel is a comprehensive diagnostic health profile designed to evaluate organ function, electrolyte balance, metabolic status, and hematologic health in dogs. This expanded screening panel is ideal for annual wellness evaluations, pre-anesthetic testing, and early disease detection, offering a detailed overview of systemic well-being.

The profile measures A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Amylase, AST, Total Bilirubin, Conjugated Bilirubin, Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Na/K Ratio, Lipase, Phosphorus, Potassium, Total Protein, Sodium, and Urea, along with a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential. Together, these parameters assess liver and kidney performance, pancreatic health, electrolyte and mineral status, and muscle integrity, while the CBC provides vital information on hematologic and immune system balance.

Clinically, this panel is valuable for comprehensive wellness exams, senior health assessments, and monitoring of chronic or metabolic diseases. It enables early identification of subtle abnormalities, supports preventive healthcare planning, and helps veterinarians optimize long-term management and treatment decisions for canine patients.

The Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) test measures the concentration of troponin I, a cardiac-specific regulatory protein released into the bloodstream during myocardial cell injury. It is the most sensitive and specific biomarker of cardiac muscle damage, providing critical diagnostic information for acute and chronic cardiac disease in dogs.

Elevated cTnI levels indicate myocardial cell necrosis or stress, which may occur in conditions such as myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), valvular endocardiosis, pericardial disease, or secondary cardiac injury due to hypoxia, sepsis, or systemic illness. Because troponin I is specific to cardiac muscle, increases are not influenced by skeletal muscle injury, making it a reliable indicator of cardiac involvement.

Clinically, the cTnI test is essential for early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of cardiac disease progression or therapeutic response. It is also valuable in screening patients with respiratory distress, collapse, or suspected heart disease, and for pre-anesthetic cardiac evaluation in at-risk animals.

The Chlamydia abortus (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Chlamydia abortus, an intracellular bacterial pathogen associated with reproductive failure and abortion in animals. Infection typically leads to late-term abortion, stillbirth, weak offspring, or infertility, and may remain latent until stress or pregnancy triggers reactivation.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. abortus DNA in placental tissue, fetal organs, vaginal swabs, or uterine discharges. PCR enables early and definitive diagnosis, even in subclinical infections or cases with minimal bacterial load, supporting timely treatment, biosecurity, and herd health management.

Clinically, this test is essential for investigating abortion outbreaks, screening breeding stock, and preventing zoonotic transmission, as C. abortus can infect humans, particularly pregnant women.

The Chlamydia felis (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Chlamydia felis, an obligate intracellular bacterium that primarily causes conjunctivitis and upper respiratory disease in cats. The infection is especially common in multi-cat households, shelters, and breeding colonies, where it spreads rapidly through ocular or nasal secretions.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of C. felis DNA in conjunctival, nasal, or pharyngeal swabs. PCR allows for definitive diagnosis, even in mild or chronic cases where bacterial shedding is intermittent or culture is difficult. Clinically, this test is valuable for differentiating infectious from allergic or viral conjunctivitis, guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy, and monitoring treatment response.

Although primarily a feline pathogen, C. felis is of zoonotic concern, capable of causing mild conjunctivitis in humans.

The Chlamydia pneumoniae (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Chlamydia pneumoniae, an intracellular bacterial pathogen associated with respiratory infections and systemic disease in animals and humans. In companion animals, infection can lead to rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheobronchitis, or pneumonia, and may contribute to chronic respiratory syndromes or ocular inflammation.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. pneumoniae DNA in nasal, conjunctival, or tracheal swabs, as well as in tissue samples. PCR allows for early identification of infection, even in asymptomatic carriers, and helps differentiate bacterial respiratory disease from viral or allergic conditions.

Clinically, this assay is important for diagnosing persistent respiratory infections, screening in multi-animal environments, and evaluating zoonotic risk, as C. pneumoniae has cross-species relevance and may infect both animals and humans.

The Chlamydia psittaci (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Chlamydia psittaci, an obligate intracellular bacterium responsible for psittacosis (avian chlamydiosis) and related infections in mammals. The pathogen primarily affects birds, causing respiratory, hepatic, and systemic disease, but it can also infect mammals, including dogs and cats, where it may lead to ocular, respiratory, or reproductive disorders.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of C. psittaci DNA from conjunctival, cloacal, respiratory, or tissue samples. PCR allows for early and definitive diagnosis, even in subclinical or chronic infections where bacterial shedding may be intermittent.

Clinically, this test is essential for diagnosing psittacosis in birds, investigating reproductive or respiratory disease in mammals, and preventing zoonotic transmission, as C. psittaci is a recognized zoonotic agent capable of causing severe respiratory illness in humans.

The Chlamydia spp. (PCR) test is a broad-range molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Chlamydia species, a group of obligate intracellular bacteria responsible for a wide variety of respiratory, ocular, and reproductive infections across animal species. These pathogens can cause conjunctivitis, pneumonia, infertility, abortion, and systemic illness, depending on the strain and host species involved.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of Chlamydia DNA in ocular, respiratory, reproductive, or tissue samples. PCR allows for early and accurate diagnosis, even in cases with low bacterial load or intermittent shedding, making it superior to traditional culture or cytologic methods.

Clinically, this assay is valuable for identifying both symptomatic and subclinical infections, screening breeding or aviary populations, and monitoring zoonotic risk, as several Chlamydia species—particularly C. psittaci—pose significant public health concerns.

The Chloride test measures the concentration of chloride ions, a major extracellular electrolyte that plays a critical role in maintaining acid–base balance, osmotic pressure, and hydration status. Chloride levels are closely regulated alongside sodium and bicarbonate, providing key information about electrolyte and metabolic balance.

Increased chloride (hyperchloremia) may occur with dehydration, metabolic acidosis, renal dysfunction, or excessive saline administration, while decreased chloride (hypochloremia) is commonly seen with vomiting, prolonged diuretic use, metabolic alkalosis, or fluid loss.

Clinically, chloride measurement is essential in evaluating renal and adrenal function, acid–base disorders, and electrolyte disturbances. When interpreted with sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate, it provides a comprehensive picture of electrolyte and metabolic status in both acute and chronic conditions.

The Cholesterol test measures the concentration of total cholesterol in serum or plasma, providing an important indicator of lipid metabolism, hepatic function, and endocrine balance. Cholesterol is essential for cell membrane integrity, hormone synthesis, and bile acid production, but abnormal levels can reflect underlying metabolic or systemic disorders.

Increased cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) is commonly associated with hypothyroidism, cholestasis, nephrotic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease), while decreased cholesterol (hypocholesterolemia) may occur with liver failure, malabsorption, protein-losing enteropathy, or severe systemic illness.

Clinically, cholesterol measurement is used to assess metabolic and endocrine function, monitor liver and gastrointestinal health, and help identify secondary causes of dyslipidemia. When interpreted with triglycerides and other biochemical parameters, it contributes to a complete picture of nutritional and metabolic status.

The Clostridium difficile (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of toxigenic Clostridium difficile, an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium responsible for antibiotic-associated colitis and enterotoxemia in animals. The organism produces toxins A and B, which disrupt the intestinal mucosa and cause diarrhea, colitis, dehydration, and systemic illness.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. difficile toxin genes in fecal samples. PCR allows for early and accurate diagnosis, even when bacterial culture is challenging or toxin levels fluctuate.

Clinically, this assay is critical for animals presenting with acute or chronic diarrhea following antibiotic use, or for outbreak investigations in kennels, hospitals, or farms. It supports differentiation from other enteric pathogens, guiding targeted therapy, isolation protocols, and biosecurity measures to reduce transmission risk.

The Clostridium perfringens (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that is part of the normal intestinal flora but can produce potent enterotoxins responsible for acute or chronic diarrhea, enterotoxemia, and gastrointestinal inflammation in animals.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay identifies specific toxin genes—such as those associated with C. perfringens Type A and other pathogenic strains—providing highly sensitive and specific detection of toxigenic organisms in fecal samples. PCR enables early and definitive diagnosis, distinguishing between benign colonization and pathogenic infection.

Clinically, this test is valuable for investigating cases of diarrhea, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, or intestinal dysbiosis, particularly following dietary changes, antibiotic therapy, or stress. It supports targeted treatment, outbreak control, and monitoring of intestinal health in both individual patients and group settings.

The Clostridium piliforme (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Clostridium piliforme, the causative agent of Tyzzer’s disease—a severe, often fatal infection affecting the liver, intestines, and heart of young or immunocompromised animals. The organism is an obligate intracellular, spore-forming bacterium that is notoriously difficult to culture, making PCR the diagnostic method of choice.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. piliforme DNA in tissue or fecal samples, enabling definitive diagnosis even in decomposed or formalin-fixed specimens. Infection typically causes hepatic necrosis, enterocolitis, and myocarditis, and is most common in foals, laboratory rodents, rabbits, and occasionally dogs, cats, or other species.

Clinically, this assay is essential for confirming Tyzzer’s disease in suspected outbreaks or post-mortem investigations, supporting accurate diagnosis, differentiation from other hepatic or enteric pathogens, and biosecurity management in breeding or research facilities.

The Clostridium spiroforme (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Clostridium spiroforme, an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium that produces a potent iota-like toxin responsible for enterotoxemia and diarrhea in animals—particularly in rabbits and other small mammals. The organism may also act as an opportunistic pathogen in young or immunocompromised animals following antibiotic use or dietary disruption.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. spiroforme toxin genes in fecal or intestinal samples. PCR enables rapid and definitive diagnosis, distinguishing pathogenic infection from commensal bacterial presence.

Clinically, this assay is valuable for animals presenting with acute diarrhea, dehydration, or sudden death, especially in post-antibiotic or stress-related cases. It supports targeted antimicrobial therapy, outbreak investigation, and preventive management in colonies, breeding programs, and laboratory settings.

The Coagulation Profile is a comprehensive hemostatic assessment that evaluates the intrinsic, extrinsic, and common coagulation pathways to detect clotting abnormalities, bleeding disorders, or hypercoagulable states. This panel includes Prothrombin Time (PT), Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), and Fibrinogen, providing a detailed overview of coagulation function.

Prothrombin Time (PT) assesses the extrinsic and common pathways, helping to identify deficiencies in factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, and X. Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) evaluates the intrinsic and common pathways, detecting abnormalities in factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII. Fibrinogen measurement reflects both coagulation factor synthesis and inflammatory status, as it may increase with inflammation or decrease with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or hepatic insufficiency.

Clinically, this profile is essential for pre-surgical screening, evaluation of unexplained bleeding or bruising, monitoring anticoagulant therapy, and diagnosis of liver disease, DIC, or inherited coagulopathies. It provides critical insight into hemostatic balance and vascular integrity.

The Coccidioides immitis (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Coccidioides immitis, a dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) — a systemic fungal disease primarily affecting the respiratory tract but capable of disseminating to bones, joints, skin, and the central nervous system.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. immitis DNA in blood, tissue, or respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PCR allows for rapid and definitive diagnosis, even before serologic antibodies develop or when fungal culture is unsafe or slow to grow.

Clinically, this assay is essential for animals exhibiting chronic cough, weight loss, fever, lameness, or non-healing skin lesions in endemic areas. Early identification enables timely antifungal therapy, improved prognosis, and prevention of severe disseminated disease. It is also a valuable tool for differentiating coccidioidomycosis from other fungal or bacterial infections with overlapping clinical signs.

The Complete Blood Count – 1 (CBC) provides a comprehensive hematologic evaluation of an animal’s red and white blood cells and platelets, offering essential information about oxygen-carrying capacity, immune status, and bone marrow function. This profile is a cornerstone of clinical diagnostics, routinely used in wellness screening, disease diagnosis, and treatment monitoring.

The panel includes Basophils, Band Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin (HGB), Lymphocytes, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Monocytes, Segmented Neutrophils, Platelets, Platelet Morphology, Red Blood Cells (RBC), RBC Morphology, White Blood Cells (WBC), and WBC Morphology. Together, these parameters assess anemia, infection, inflammation, immune response, and clotting potential.

Clinically, this test is vital for detecting systemic illness, monitoring response to therapy, and pre-surgical screening. Morphologic evaluation provides insight into cellular abnormalities, supporting diagnosis of bone marrow disorders, hemoparasitic infections, or regenerative processes.

The Complete Blood Count – 2 (CBC) is a comprehensive hematologic profile that provides detailed evaluation of red and white blood cells, platelets, and reticulocytes, enabling precise assessment of bone marrow response, immune status, and overall hematologic health. This test is fundamental for diagnosing anemia, infection, inflammation, and clotting disorders, as well as for monitoring treatment and disease progression.

The panel includes Basophils, Band Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin (HGB), Lymphocytes, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Monocytes, Segmented Neutrophils, Platelets, Platelet Morphology, Red Blood Cells (RBC), RBC Morphology, Reticulocyte Count, White Blood Cells (WBC), and CBC Morphology. The inclusion of Reticulocyte Count allows evaluation of bone marrow regenerative capacity, distinguishing regenerative from non-regenerative anemia.

Clinically, this test is invaluable for pre-surgical screening, wellness evaluations, and comprehensive diagnostic workups in animals presenting with lethargy, pallor, fever, or bleeding disorders. Morphologic examination adds diagnostic depth by revealing abnormal cell shapes, inclusions, or parasitic organisms.

The Comprehensive Senior Wellness panel provides an in-depth evaluation of organ function, metabolic balance, endocrine health, and hematologic status, specifically designed for geriatric patients. This complete profile aids in early detection of age-related diseases, assessment of chronic conditions, and monitoring of therapeutic response.

The panel includes A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Amylase, AST, Bilirubin (Conjugated, Total, and Free), Calcium, Chloride, Cholesterol, Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Na/K Ratio, Lipase, Phosphorus, Potassium, Total Protein, Sodium, Urea, Free T4, SDMA, and a Complete Blood Count (CBC) with differential. These tests evaluate hepatic, renal, pancreatic, and endocrine function, as well as electrolyte and protein balance. SDMA provides early detection of renal dysfunction before traditional markers rise.

Clinically, this panel is ideal for senior wellness examinations, chronic disease management, and pre-anesthetic evaluation in aging animals. It supports proactive veterinary care by identifying subtle metabolic or organ-related changes early, promoting longevity and improved quality of life.

The Copper test measures the concentration of serum or plasma copper, an essential trace element involved in numerous enzymatic and metabolic processes, including iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, melanin synthesis, and antioxidant defense. Copper levels are tightly regulated through intestinal absorption and hepatic excretion.

Increased copper (hypercupremia) may occur with cholestatic liver disease, chronic inflammation, or copper storage disorders, while decreased copper (hypocupremia) is associated with malnutrition, malabsorption, anemia, or inherited copper deficiency. In certain breeds, such as Bedlington Terriers and Doberman Pinschers, copper accumulation in the liver can lead to progressive hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Clinically, copper measurement is essential for evaluating hepatic function, metabolic disorders, and trace mineral balance, as well as for monitoring chelation therapy or diagnosing nutritional imbalances in both companion and production animals.

The Cortisol (Base) test measures the resting concentration of serum cortisol, the primary glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex under stimulation from adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Cortisol plays a key role in metabolism, immune regulation, and the stress response, and its measurement provides critical insight into adrenal gland function.

Increased cortisol levels (hypercortisolemia) may occur with Cushing’s syndrome (hyperadrenocorticism), stress, or exogenous corticosteroid administration, while decreased levels (hypocortisolemia) are commonly seen with Addison’s disease (hypoadrenocorticism) or pituitary dysfunction. The basal cortisol test is often used as a screening tool and interpreted alongside ACTH stimulation or suppression testing for a definitive diagnosis.

Clinically, this assay is valuable for evaluating adrenal health, investigating unexplained lethargy, weakness, or electrolyte abnormalities, and monitoring endocrine therapy. It provides an essential baseline measure of adrenal cortical activity in both wellness and diagnostic settings.

The Cortisol (ACTH) test measures serum cortisol concentration following adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation, providing a dynamic assessment of adrenal gland function. This test evaluates the adrenal cortex’s ability to produce cortisol in response to synthetic ACTH administration, offering superior diagnostic accuracy compared to basal cortisol levels alone.

An exaggerated increase in cortisol after stimulation is consistent with hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome), while a minimal or absent response indicates hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease) or adrenal insufficiency. The ACTH stimulation test is also used to monitor dogs receiving mitotane or trilostane therapy for Cushing’s management, ensuring appropriate hormonal control without inducing adrenal suppression.

Clinically, this assay is the gold standard for evaluating adrenal reserve and function, particularly in animals showing signs of lethargy, weakness, polyuria/polydipsia, alopecia, or electrolyte imbalances. It is an essential tool for both diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of adrenal disorders.

The Cortisol (DEXA) test, or Dexamethasone Suppression Test, measures serum cortisol concentration following administration of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid that suppresses ACTH secretion by negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This test is used to assess the integrity of adrenal and pituitary function and to help differentiate causes of hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome).

In healthy animals, dexamethasone administration suppresses cortisol production, resulting in low post-test cortisol levels. A lack of suppression indicates Cushing’s syndrome, while partial suppression may occur with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism. The test may also aid in distinguishing adrenal-dependent from pituitary-dependent disease when combined with ACTH measurement.

Clinically, the DEXA test is a key diagnostic tool for dogs showing signs of polyuria, polydipsia, panting, abdominal distension, alopecia, or muscle wasting, and is valuable for confirming and characterizing hypercortisolism. It provides a sensitive evaluation of HPA axis regulation and supports appropriate endocrine management.

The Cortisol/Creatinine Ratio test measures the urinary concentration of cortisol relative to creatinine, providing a non-invasive screening tool for hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s syndrome). Because urinary cortisol reflects average adrenal activity over time, this ratio helps account for fluctuations due to stress or circadian variation, offering a more stable indicator of adrenal gland hyperfunction.

Elevated cortisol/creatinine ratios suggest excessive cortisol production, which may occur with Cushing’s syndrome or significant physiologic stress. However, since non-adrenal illnesses can also increase cortisol levels, this test is most useful as an initial screening method — abnormal results should be confirmed with ACTH stimulation or dexamethasone suppression testing.

Clinically, the cortisol/creatinine ratio is ideal for screening dogs suspected of hyperadrenocorticism based on signs such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, panting, abdominal enlargement, or alopecia. It is especially beneficial for minimally invasive testing in anxious or fragile patients, where blood sampling may cause stress-induced cortisol elevation.

The Creatinine test measures the concentration of creatinine, a waste product of muscle metabolism that is excreted by the kidneys at a relatively constant rate. It serves as one of the most reliable indicators of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and overall renal function.

Increased creatinine (azotemia) indicates reduced kidney filtration, which may result from dehydration, renal disease, urinary obstruction, or prerenal causes such as hypoperfusion. When interpreted alongside blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and SDMA, it helps distinguish between prerenal, renal, and postrenal azotemia. Decreased creatinine is uncommon but may occur with severe muscle wasting or low muscle mass.

Clinically, creatinine measurement is essential for evaluating kidney health, monitoring chronic renal disease, and assessing treatment response. It is a standard component of biochemical and wellness panels and a key parameter in pre-anesthetic and geriatric evaluations.

The Creatine Kinase (CK) test measures the activity of creatine kinase, an enzyme primarily found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and brain tissue. CK plays a key role in energy metabolism, and its elevation in serum is a sensitive indicator of muscle cell damage or necrosis.

Increased CK activity occurs with trauma, strenuous exercise, intramuscular injection, seizures, myositis, or muscular dystrophy, and may also accompany hypoxia or secondary muscle injury from systemic illness. Because CK has a short half-life, it reflects recent or ongoing muscle injury and is useful for monitoring recovery or progression. Mild, transient increases can occur after handling or physical exertion, while sustained high levels suggest active myopathy or significant muscle damage.

Clinically, CK measurement helps differentiate muscle disease from hepatic or cardiac causes of enzyme elevation and is often interpreted alongside AST, ALT, and LDH for a complete assessment of musculoskeletal and metabolic health.

The Cryptococcus neoformans (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated yeast-like fungus that causes systemic and opportunistic fungal infections in animals and humans. Infection typically begins in the respiratory tract following inhalation of fungal spores and may disseminate to the central nervous system, eyes, and skin, particularly in immunocompromised or debilitated animals.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of C. neoformans DNA in blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or tissue samples. PCR enables early and definitive diagnosis, even when fungal culture or antigen testing yields inconclusive results, and is useful for monitoring therapeutic response or relapse.

Clinically, this test is essential for animals presenting with chronic nasal discharge, neurologic signs, ocular lesions, or cutaneous nodules. It aids in differentiating cryptococcosis from other systemic mycoses and supports timely initiation of antifungal therapy to improve prognosis.

The Cryptococcus spp. (Fungal Serology) test is a serologic assay designed to detect circulating cryptococcal antigen or antibodies associated with infection by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These encapsulated yeast pathogens cause systemic fungal disease that typically begins in the respiratory tract and may spread to the central nervous system, eyes, and skin, particularly in immunocompromised or stressed animals.

This assay provides sensitive and specific detection of cryptococcal infection through identification of fungal capsular antigen in serum or cerebrospinal fluid, allowing for early diagnosis and disease monitoring. It is especially useful when fungal culture or cytology is inconclusive or when rapid results are required for clinical decision-making.

Clinically, the test aids in the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis, a condition often presenting with nasal discharge, facial swelling, neurologic signs, ocular disease, or cutaneous lesions. Serial antigen testing can also be used to evaluate treatment efficacy and monitor for relapse during antifungal therapy.

The Cryptosporidium parvum (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of C. parvum, a protozoan parasite that infects the intestinal epithelium, causing cryptosporidiosis — a disease characterized by watery diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, and malabsorption. The infection primarily affects young, immunocompromised, or stressed animals and is zoonotic, posing a significant public health risk.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of C. parvum DNA in fecal samples. PCR allows for early and accurate diagnosis, even when oocyst shedding is intermittent or at low levels, and offers improved precision over traditional microscopy or acid-fast staining.

Clinically, this assay is essential for identifying the cause of enteric disease in individual animals or herd outbreaks, particularly in neonatal calves, foals, and small mammals. It supports infection control, targeted therapy, and biosecurity measures to reduce transmission and environmental contamination.

The Cryptosporidium spp. (PCR) test is a broad-range molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Cryptosporidium species, a group of intracellular protozoan parasites that cause enteric disease in a wide range of animals. Infection results in diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, and malabsorption, particularly in young, stressed, or immunocompromised individuals.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of Cryptosporidium DNA in fecal samples, identifying infections even when oocyst shedding is intermittent or minimal. Unlike microscopy or antigen testing, PCR allows for species-level identification, which can assist in evaluating zoonotic risk and epidemiologic patterns.

Clinically, this test is essential for diagnosing gastrointestinal disease and outbreaks in both individual patients and herd settings. It aids in differentiating Cryptosporidium from other protozoal or bacterial causes of diarrhea, guiding appropriate management, biosecurity, and preventive strategies to limit environmental contamination and cross-species transmission.

The Cytology (Fluid) test provides microscopic evaluation of cellular and acellular components in body cavity or organ-associated fluids, including effusions, cerebrospinal, synovial, cystic, or lavage samples. It is an essential diagnostic tool for assessing inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, and degenerative conditions affecting serous cavities and organs.

Fluid samples are processed by centrifugation or cytocentrifugation, and smears are prepared for staining and microscopic review. Evaluation includes cell type identification, population morphology, presence of microorganisms, proteinaceous or lipid material, and background characteristics, providing insight into the origin and pathophysiology of the effusion.

Clinically, fluid cytology aids in differentiating transudates, exudates, hemorrhagic, chylous, or neoplastic effusions, and assists in diagnosing neoplasia, sepsis, peritonitis, pleuritis, or systemic disease. Correlation with biochemistry, microbiology, or histopathology may further enhance diagnostic accuracy.

The Cytology smear test involves microscopic evaluation of individual cells or small tissue fragments to assess inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic processes. Cytology provides a rapid, minimally invasive diagnostic tool for evaluating superficial or internal lesions, effusions, and aspirates.

This category applies to submissions containing up to 10 prepared slides from fine-needle aspirates, impression smears, scrapings, swabs, or body fluids. Slides are stained and examined microscopically to determine cellular composition, morphology, and background features, allowing identification of infection, inflammation, hyperplasia, or neoplasia.

Cytologic examination offers valuable diagnostic and screening information, supports treatment planning, and can help determine whether histopathologic evaluation or microbiologic culture is warranted for further investigation.

Degenerative myelopathy (DM) is a progressive, late-onset neurodegenerative disease in dogs characterized by gradual hind limb weakness, muscle atrophy, and eventual paralysis of the rear limbs. The disease is strongly associated with a mutation in the SOD1 gene (c.118G>A); testing for this variant serves as a genetic risk marker, not a definitive predictor of disease development.

This DNA assay is typically performed on buccal (cheek) swab or blood-derived genomic DNA. The DNA is extracted and genotyped (often by real-time PCR or allele-specific PCR) to detect the presence of the SOD1 mutation.

Test results generally classify animals into one of three genotypes:

Clear / Normal (N/N) — no mutated allele detected; extremely unlikely to develop DM associated with this SOD1 mutation

Carrier (N/DM) — heterozygous (one mutated allele); typically do not develop DM from this allele but can transmit the mutation

At Risk / Affected (DM/DM) — homozygous for the mutation; elevated risk of developing DM during life

Not every dog with the DM/DM genotype will manifest clinical disease, and onset can vary widely among individuals and breeds. The genetic test is best used as a risk assessment tool in a clinical and breeding context, rather than as a standalone diagnostic. Some breeds (such as Bernese Mountain Dogs) carry a second SOD1 variant (c.52A>T), which is less commonly included in routine DM testing panels.

Clinically, DM genotyping supports breeding decision-making by avoiding matings that could produce DM/DM offspring and helps clinicians and owners understand genetic risk. However, diagnosis of symptomatic DM still requires exclusion of other neurologic diseases, imaging, and post-mortem histopathology to confirm characteristic spinal cord lesions.

The Demodex mite (PCR) test is a molecular assay that detects and can help speciate Demodex directly from skin scrapings, hair plucks, or follicular samples. While Demodex can be commensal, overgrowth or immune dysfunction leads to demodicosis with alopecia, scaling, folliculitis/furunculosis, secondary pyoderma, and sometimes pruritus (notably with D. gatoi in cats). PCR is especially useful when deep scrapings are negative, mite numbers are low, lesions are localized, or prior treatment reduces recovery of live mites. Species-level identification (e.g., D. canis, D. injai, D. cornei in dogs; D. cati, D. gatoi in cats) refines therapy and prognosis.

Methodologically, PCR amplifies mite DNA to provide high sensitivity and specificity, complementing cytology and microscopy. Results support differentiation from sarcoptic mange, dermatophytosis, allergic/autoimmune dermatoses, and guide monitoring (note that residual DNA may be detectable briefly after successful therapy). For broader differential coverage and co-infection checks (e.g., ringworm), please also see: Animal Skin Infection Profile (DNA) with Fungal Culture.

The Dermatophyte Test Medium (DTM) is a culture-based diagnostic assay used to detect dermatophyte fungi—primarily Microsporum, Trichophyton, and Epidermophyton species—that cause ringworm (dermatophytosis) in animals. This selective agar contains nutrients and pH indicators that allow fungal growth and color change, facilitating easy recognition of pathogenic dermatophytes.

Inoculated samples such as hair, skin scales, or nail fragments are incubated at room temperature and examined daily. A color change from yellow to red in conjunction with characteristic colony morphology indicates dermatophyte growth. The test helps differentiate pathogenic dermatophytes from saprophytic or contaminant fungi.

Clinically, DTM culture is valuable for confirming dermatophytosis, identifying the fungal species, and monitoring treatment success. It is especially useful for asymptomatic carrier detection, environmental surveillance, and outbreak control in multi-animal environments.

The Differential test provides a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of white blood cell (WBC) populations, forming a key component of the Complete Blood Count (CBC). It differentiates the major leukocyte types—neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils—and determines their relative and absolute counts, offering critical insight into immune system function and inflammatory status.

Abnormalities in leukocyte distribution can indicate a variety of conditions: neutrophilia may reflect infection, stress, or inflammation; lymphocytosis suggests antigenic stimulation or certain neoplasms; eosinophilia is often linked to parasitic or allergic responses; and monocytosis may accompany chronic inflammation. Morphologic evaluation also identifies toxic changes, immature cells (bands), or atypical lymphocytes, which aid in diagnosing infection, immune disorders, or hematologic malignancies.

Clinically, the differential is essential for characterizing systemic responses to disease, monitoring bone marrow activity, and guiding therapeutic decisions. It is routinely performed alongside the CBC for both wellness screening and diagnostic evaluation.

The Dirofilaria repens (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Dirofilaria repens, a subcutaneous filarial parasite that causes canine and feline dirofilariasis. Unlike Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), D. repens inhabits the subcutaneous tissues, producing dermal nodules, pruritus, alopecia, and inflammation, though infections may also remain subclinical. The parasite is vector-borne, transmitted by mosquitoes, and has zoonotic potential, occasionally infecting humans.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of D. repens DNA in blood or tissue samples. PCR allows for accurate differentiation from D. immitis and other filarial species that may coexist or produce similar microscopic findings.

Clinically, this test is valuable for confirming suspected cases of subcutaneous dirofilariasis, screening dogs in endemic areas, and investigating nodular or dermatitis-like lesions of parasitic origin. It also plays a key role in vector surveillance and public health monitoring due to the parasite’s zoonotic significance.

The Direct Coombs test, or Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT), is a serologic assay used to detect antibodies or complement components bound to the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The presence of these surface-bound immunoglobulins indicates immune-mediated hemolysis, helping to diagnose immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and related conditions.

In this test, patient RBCs are mixed with species-specific anti-immunoglobulin reagent (Coombs serum). Agglutination confirms the presence of RBC-bound antibodies (IgG, IgM) or complement (C3), signifying immune destruction. A positive result supports a diagnosis of IMHA, while a negative result does not fully exclude it, especially if antibody levels are low or bound complement is transient.

Clinically, the Direct Coombs test is essential for evaluating unexplained anemia, jaundice, or hemoglobinuria, and for differentiating immune-mediated hemolysis from non-immune causes such as oxidative damage, infection, or microangiopathy. It is also used to monitor autoimmune disease activity and assess transfusion reactions.

The Dirofilaria repens (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Dirofilaria repens, a vector-borne filarial parasite that primarily resides in the subcutaneous and connective tissues of dogs and, less commonly, cats and other mammals. This parasite causes subcutaneous dirofilariasis, presenting as nodular skin lesions, alopecia, pruritus, and dermatitis, although many infections remain asymptomatic. D. repens is also zoonotic, occasionally infecting humans.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of D. repens DNA in blood, skin biopsies, or tissue samples. PCR enables early identification and accurate differentiation from other filarial species such as Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) and Acanthocheilonema reconditum, which may exhibit overlapping clinical or microscopic features.

Clinically, this test is essential for confirming parasitic skin disease, screening animals in endemic regions, and monitoring vector-borne infection risks. It also supports public health surveillance, given the zoonotic potential of D. repens in areas where mosquitoes serve as vectors.

The Escherichia coli (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of E. coli, a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacterium that can act as both a commensal organism and an opportunistic pathogen. While commonly present in the intestinal flora, pathogenic strains of E. coli are associated with a variety of diseases, including enteritis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, mastitis, and neonatal infections across animal species.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of E. coli DNA in fecal, tissue, urine, or environmental samples. PCR allows for identification of pathogenic strains and may include detection of virulence genes (e.g., EHEC, EPEC, ETEC, EIEC, or UPEC), supporting differentiation between harmless commensals and disease-causing isolates.

Clinically, this test is valuable for diagnosing enteric or systemic infections, investigating outbreaks, and guiding targeted antimicrobial therapy. It also aids in monitoring food safety and biosecurity programs, as E. coli infections can have significant zoonotic and economic implications in both companion and production animals.

The Escherichia coli (ETEC, AEEC, and STEC) (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay that detects and differentiates major pathogenic strains of E. coli responsible for enteric disease in animals, particularly neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea in livestock and young companion animals. These include:

ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli): Produces enterotoxins (heat-labile LT and heat-stable ST) that cause secretory diarrhea by stimulating intestinal fluid loss.

AEEC (Attaching and Effacing E. coli): Causes intestinal epithelial damage via eaeA and bfpA genes, leading to villous atrophy and malabsorption.

STEC (Shiga toxin–producing E. coli): Produces Shiga toxins (stx1, stx2), causing hemorrhagic enteritis and systemic complications such as septicemia.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay enables rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of virulence-associated genes, providing crucial insight into the pathotype and pathogenic potential of E. coli isolates.

Clinically, this test is essential for diagnosing bacterial enteritis, investigating herd or kennel diarrhea outbreaks, and guiding antimicrobial and preventive strategies. It also assists in epidemiologic surveillance and biosecurity programs, as some strains are zoonotic and pose a public health risk.

The Escherichia coli O157:H7 (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay specifically designed to detect the DNA of E. coli serotype O157:H7, a highly pathogenic, Shiga toxin–producing strain (STEC) responsible for hemorrhagic enteritis and systemic complications in both animals and humans. This organism is recognized as a major zoonotic pathogen, with cattle and other ruminants serving as asymptomatic reservoirs.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test provides highly sensitive and specific detection of E. coli O157:H7 by identifying its serotype-specific and virulence genes, including stx1, stx2, and eaeA. PCR enables rapid diagnosis and differentiation from nonpathogenic E. coli strains, which is essential for outbreak control and epidemiologic tracing.

Clinically, this test is valuable for investigating cases of hemorrhagic diarrhea, septicemia, or enteric outbreaks, particularly in young livestock, companion animals, and herds in intensive management systems. It also supports food safety surveillance, zoonotic risk assessment, and environmental monitoring, given the public health importance of this pathogen.

The Ehrlichia canis (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay used to detect the DNA of Ehrlichia canis, an obligate intracellular rickettsial organism that infects monocytes and causes canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). The disease is transmitted primarily by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) and can occur in acute, subclinical, or chronic forms.

Clinical signs include fever, lethargy, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, epistaxis, anemia, and, in chronic cases, bone marrow suppression and pancytopenia. Because serology cannot always distinguish active infection from past exposure, PCR provides direct evidence of infection by detecting E. canis DNA in blood or tissue samples.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers highly sensitive and specific detection, even during early infection or after antibiotic treatment when antibody titers may be low. It also allows differentiation from other Ehrlichia species and co-infections (e.g., Anaplasma, Babesia, Rickettsia).

Clinically, E. canis PCR testing is essential for diagnosing tick-borne disease, monitoring treatment efficacy, and screening blood donors or at-risk dogs in endemic regions.

The Ehrlichia canis (ELISA) test is a serologic assay used to detect antibodies against Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). This tick-borne disease, transmitted primarily by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), affects monocytes and can present as acute, subclinical, or chronic infection.

The ELISA method provides a sensitive and specific immunologic detection of E. canis-specific antibodies, allowing identification of current or prior exposure. A positive result indicates an immune response to infection, while quantitative titers can help monitor disease progression or treatment response. However, since antibodies may persist for months after infection, PCR testing is recommended to confirm active infection or recrudescence.

Clinically, this test is essential for screening dogs with fever, thrombocytopenia, epistaxis, lethargy, or unexplained anemia, as well as for evaluating tick-exposed animals and blood donors in endemic regions. It is often performed as part of comprehensive tick-borne disease panels to rule out co-infections with Anaplasma or Babesia species.

The Ehrlichia canis (IFA) test is an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay used to detect antibodies directed against Ehrlichia canis, the causative agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME). Transmitted primarily by the brown dog tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus), this rickettsial infection targets monocytes and macrophages, resulting in fever, lethargy, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and bleeding tendencies that may progress to bone marrow suppression in chronic cases.

The IFA is considered the reference standard serologic method for E. canis detection. It identifies specific antibodies through fluorescence-labeled anti-immunoglobulin binding and allows quantitative measurement of antibody titers, which aids in differentiating active infection, past exposure, or post-treatment immunity. Rising titers in paired samples collected 2–3 weeks apart indicate recent or ongoing infection.

Clinically, this test is valuable for diagnosing and monitoring CME, screening for tick-borne infections, and evaluating co-infections with Anaplasma, Babesia, or Rickettsia spp. IFA results are best interpreted alongside clinical signs, hematologic changes, and PCR confirmation for comprehensive diagnosis.

The Ehrlichia spp. (PCR) test is a broad-range molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Ehrlichia species, a group of tick-borne, obligate intracellular bacteria that infect leukocytes and cause ehrlichiosis in dogs and other animals. The most clinically significant species include E. canis, E. ewingii, E. chaffeensis, and E. ruminantium, each associated with distinct host preferences and disease manifestations.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides highly sensitive and specific detection of Ehrlichia DNA in blood or tissue samples. PCR enables early diagnosis before antibody formation and allows for species differentiation, which is essential for accurate case management and epidemiologic tracing.

Clinically, Ehrlichia infection may present with fever, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and bleeding disorders. Chronic or severe cases can result in bone marrow suppression, pancytopenia, or immune-mediated disease. This test is especially useful for detecting active infection, confirming equivocal serologic results, and monitoring response to therapy.

It also plays an important role in screening blood donors, kennel populations, and tick-exposed animals in endemic areas, as well as identifying co-infections with Anaplasma, Babesia, or Rickettsia species.

The Electrolytes Panel provides a comprehensive assessment of mineral and electrolyte balance, evaluating key ions that are vital for neuromuscular function, hydration, acid–base balance, and cellular metabolism. The panel includes Calcium, Chloride, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, and the Sodium/Potassium (Na/K) Ratio, offering valuable insight into renal, endocrine, and metabolic health.

Calcium is essential for neuromuscular activity, coagulation, and bone metabolism. Chloride maintains osmotic pressure and acid–base equilibrium. Sodium and Potassium regulate fluid distribution, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction, while the Na/K Ratio assists in detecting adrenal insufficiency or hyperaldosteronism. Phosphorus plays a critical role in energy metabolism, skeletal integrity, and renal function assessment.

Clinically, this panel is indispensable for evaluating electrolyte disturbances due to dehydration, renal or adrenal disease, vomiting, diarrhea, or diuretic therapy. It also supports pre-anesthetic evaluations, critical care monitoring, and management of metabolic or endocrine disorders such as hypoadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease.

The Equine Herpesvirus-1 (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Equine Herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), an alpha-herpesvirus that causes respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death, and neurologic disorders (equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, EHM) in horses. EHV-1 is a highly contagious pathogen, transmitted primarily through aerosols, direct contact, or contaminated fomites, with both active infection and latent carriage playing roles in disease spread.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of EHV-1 DNA in nasal swabs, blood, tissues, or fetal samples. PCR is particularly useful for identifying subclinical shedders and acute infections, and for differentiating EHV-1 from other equine herpesviruses, such as EHV-4, which typically causes milder respiratory illness.

Clinically, EHV-1 PCR testing is essential for confirming outbreaks of respiratory or neurologic disease, investigating abortion clusters, and implementing biosecurity measures in breeding and training facilities. Early detection supports isolation protocols and herd management, helping prevent large-scale transmission and economic losses.

The Equine Herpesvirus-4 (PCR) test is a molecular diagnostic assay designed to detect the DNA of Equine Herpesvirus type 4 (EHV-4), an alpha-herpesvirus that primarily causes respiratory disease in horses, especially young foals and yearlings. Unlike EHV-1, which may also cause abortion and neurologic disease, EHV-4 is usually limited to the upper respiratory tract, though it can occasionally contribute to systemic illness.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay provides rapid, sensitive, and specific detection of EHV-4 DNA from nasal swabs, blood, or respiratory tissues. PCR enables early diagnosis and differentiation between EHV-4 and EHV-1, which is critical for appropriate disease management, isolation decisions, and outbreak control.

Clinically, EHV-4 infection presents with fever, nasal discharge, cough, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy, often spreading rapidly among young horses in group settings. PCR testing is an essential component of respiratory disease investigations, quarantine screening, and herd surveillance programs, aiding in the prevention of virus dissemination within equine populations.

The Equine Infectious Abortion Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect major infectious agents associated with equine abortion, stillbirth, and neonatal loss. This multiplex panel screens for Chlamydia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), Leptospira spp., and Streptococcus spp., providing rapid and definitive identification of common reproductive pathogens.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the assay offers high sensitivity and specificity, allowing detection of bacterial and viral DNA directly from placental, fetal, or uterine samples. PCR testing enables early and accurate diagnosis, even when culture results are negative or compromised by sample degradation or prior antimicrobial use.

Clinically, this panel is essential for investigating abortion outbreaks, reproductive failure, and neonatal morbidity or mortality. It supports differential diagnosis, aids in determining infectious versus non-infectious causes, and guides biosecurity and herd management decisions. Rapid identification of the causative pathogen helps prevent further reproductive losses and informs targeted therapeutic and preventive strategies in breeding programs.

The Equine Infectious Diarrhea Profile (PCR) is a multiplex molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect the most common enteric pathogens responsible for diarrhea and colitis in horses. This comprehensive assay screens for Campylobacter spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Giardia spp., providing rapid and accurate identification of both bacterial and protozoal agents.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this test offers high sensitivity and specificity, enabling detection of pathogenic DNA directly from fecal samples or intestinal contents. PCR is particularly valuable for identifying mixed infections, differentiating infectious from noninfectious causes of diarrhea, and detecting pathogens even when they are present in low numbers or shed intermittently.

Clinically, this panel is essential for diagnosing acute or chronic diarrhea, colitis, and enteritis in horses of all ages. It supports outbreak investigations, herd health monitoring, and biosecurity programs, guiding targeted antimicrobial or antiparasitic therapy. Early identification of causative organisms helps prevent disease transmission and promotes effective infection control in equine facilities.

The Equine Infectious Respiratory Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel designed to detect major bacterial and viral pathogens associated with respiratory disease in horses. This panel screens for Bordetella bronchiseptica, Equine Herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4), Mycoplasma spp., Rhodococcus equi, and Streptococcus equi, providing rapid identification of multiple infectious agents that may cause upper and lower respiratory tract disease.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, the assay delivers high sensitivity and specificity, allowing detection of pathogen DNA directly from nasal, nasopharyngeal, or tracheal swabs, as well as respiratory tissue or lavage samples. PCR enables identification of mixed infections and helps differentiate between primary respiratory pathogens and opportunistic organisms.

Clinically, this profile is invaluable for diagnosing acute respiratory infections, pneumonia, or strangles-like disease, and for monitoring outbreaks in breeding or training facilities. Rapid pathogen detection supports timely isolation, targeted treatment, and biosecurity measures, reducing transmission and improving herd respiratory health outcomes.

The Equine Neurological Profile (PCR) is a comprehensive molecular diagnostic panel developed to detect major infectious causes of neurologic disease in horses. This test screens for Equine Herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), Pasteurella spp., Sarcocystis neurona, Streptococcus spp., and West Nile Virus, providing rapid identification of viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens that can affect the central nervous system.

Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, this assay delivers highly sensitive and specific detection of pathogen DNA or RNA from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, or neural tissue samples. PCR enables early and accurate diagnosis, even in cases where clinical signs overlap or serologic testing is inconclusive.

Clinically, this panel is invaluable for investigating horses presenting with ataxia, weakness, head tilt, paralysis, seizures, or behavioral changes. It assists in distinguishing infectious encephalitis or myeloencephalopathy from noninfectious neurologic conditions, guiding timely therapeutic decisions, outbreak control, and biosecurity management in equine facilities.

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a neurologic disease of horses caused primarily by the protozoan Sarcocystis neurona, and less commonly by Neospora hughesi. The organism infects the central nervous system (CNS), leading to inflammation and destruction of neural tissue, which results in asymmetric neurologic deficits. The disease is most prevalent in areas inhabited by opossums, the definitive hosts that shed infectious sporocysts into the environment.

Diagnosis is typically based on clinical signs combined with serologic or molecular testing (e.g., Western blot, ELISA, or PCR) to detect antibodies or DNA of S. neurona. Common signs include ataxia, weakness, muscle atrophy, incoordination, and cranial nerve deficits, which may progress over time. Because clinical presentation can mimic other neurologic conditions (e.g., EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy, trauma, or WNV), laboratory confirmation is essential.

Clinically, EPM testing is critical for horses with unexplained or progressive neurologic dysfunction, especially those exposed to wildlife-contaminated feed or water. Early and accurate diagnosis enables prompt initiation of antiprotozoal therapy, improving prognosis and preventing irreversible neurologic damage.

EPM – Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (Serum & CSF) – Western Blot
The Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) (Serum & CSF – Western Blot) test is a serologic assay used to detect antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona, the primary causative agent of EPM, a progressive neurologic disease affecting the central nervous system of horses. This condition arises when sporocysts shed by opossums are ingested, allowing the parasite to migrate to neural tissue and cause inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal damage.

The Western blot technique identifies specific antibodies to S. neurona surface antigens in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Comparing antibody levels between serum and CSF helps distinguish active central nervous system infection from peripheral exposure, providing greater diagnostic accuracy than serum testing alone.

Clinically, this test is vital for diagnosing horses with asymmetric ataxia, muscle atrophy, weakness, or cranial nerve deficits. Interpretation of results should always be correlated with neurologic examination findings and other diagnostic data to rule out differential causes such as EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy or West Nile Virus.

This assay is essential for confirming EPM diagnosis, guiding treatment decisions, and monitoring response to antiprotozoal therapy.

The Equine Thyroid Profile measures Total Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), and Free Thyroxine (Free T4) to evaluate thyroid gland function and metabolic status in horses. These hormones play a central role in regulating metabolism, growth, reproduction, and thermoregulation, and their measurement provides valuable insight into endocrine health and systemic metabolic balance.

Total T4 and T3 represent both protein-bound and unbound hormone levels, reflecting overall thyroid hormone production, while Free T4 measures the biologically active, unbound fraction that directly affects cellular metabolism. Evaluating all three parameters together allows differentiation between true hypothyroidism, secondary metabolic suppression, and non-thyroidal illness (euthyroid sick syndrome).

Clinically, this profile is used to assess poor performance, weight gain, infertility, lethargy, or metabolic abnormalities, as well as to monitor horses receiving thyroid supplementation or metabolic therapy. It provides a comprehensive view of thyroid function and aids in the interpretation of hormonal fluctuations due to age, training, illness, or nutrition.

The Estradiol test measures the concentration of 17?-estradiol, the predominant and most biologically active estrogen hormone in animals. Estradiol is produced mainly by the ovarian follicles in females and, to a lesser extent, by the testes and adrenal glands in males. It plays a critical role in reproductive cycle regulation, follicular development, uterine and mammary tissue function, and behavioral estrus expression.

Estradiol levels fluctuate with reproductive stage, rising sharply during follicular maturation and declining after ovulation. Abnormal concentrations may indicate ovarian dysfunction, anestrus, granulosa-theca cell tumors, or endocrine disorders. In males, elevated levels may be seen with testicular neoplasia or estrogen-producing tumors.

Clinically, estradiol testing is valuable for monitoring ovarian activity, evaluating infertility, confirming estrus or ovulation timing, and diagnosing reproductive or endocrine abnormalities. It is also useful in assessing hormonal balance in mares, cows, and companion animals, particularly in breeding management and reproductive pathology investigations.

The Express Senior Wellness panel provides a targeted yet comprehensive assessment of the metabolic, renal, hepatic, and hematologic health of senior animals. It is designed for routine monitoring, early disease detection, and geriatric health management, offering rapid results to support timely clinical decisions.

This panel includes A/G Ratio, Albumin, ALP, ALT, Cholesterol, Creatinine, Globulin, Glucose, Total Protein, Urea, SDMA, and a Complete Blood Count (with differential). Together, these parameters evaluate liver function, kidney performance, protein metabolism, lipid balance, and hematologic status. SDMA enhances sensitivity for early renal dysfunction detection, even before creatinine elevation.

Clinically, the Express Senior Wellness profile is ideal for annual or biannual senior health evaluations, pre-anesthetic screening, or monitoring of chronic conditions such as renal, hepatic, or endocrine disease. It supports proactive veterinary care by identifying subtle physiologic changes before clinical signs develop, thereby promoting longevity and improved quality of life in aging patients.

The Fecal Culture test is a microbiological assay used to identify and characterize pathogenic bacteria present in the intestinal tract. It plays a critical role in diagnosing bacterial enteritis, septicemia, and zoonotic infections, particularly in animals exhibiting diarrhea, weight loss, fever, or gastrointestinal distress.

Fecal samples are inoculated onto selective and differential culture media to isolate specific pathogens such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., E. coli, Clostridium spp., and Yersinia spp.. Isolated organisms are then identified through biochemical, serologic, or molecular methods, and when indicated, antimicrobial susceptibility testing can be performed to guide appropriate treatment.

Clinically, fecal culture is essential for investigating infectious diarrhea, herd or kennel outbreaks, foodborne pathogen surveillance, and zoonotic disease control. It also helps differentiate bacterial from viral, parasitic, or dietary causes of enteric disease, supporting targeted therapy and effective infection management.

The Fecal Culture + Ova & Parasites test provides a comprehensive evaluation of infectious causes of gastrointestinal disease, combining bacterial culture with microscopic examination for parasitic ova and cysts. This dual approach enables detection of both bacterial enteropathogens and intestinal parasites, offering a complete diagnostic overview for animals presenting with diarrhea, weight loss, poor condition, or anemia.

The culture component isolates and identifies pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., E. coli, Clostridium spp., and Yersinia spp., with optional antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide therapy. The Ova & Parasite examination detects nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and protozoa (e.g., Giardia, Coccidia, Trichuris, Toxocara, Ancylostoma), using concentration and flotation methods to identify parasitic eggs, larvae, or cysts.

Clinically, this combined analysis is invaluable for comprehensive gastrointestinal evaluation, especially in young, immunocompromised, or multi-animal environments, where mixed infections are common. It supports accurate diagnosis, treatment planning, and preventive care, while aiding in zoonotic disease control and herd health management.

The Fecal Examination is a gross and microscopic evaluation of stool used to assess digestive efficiency, intestinal health, and the presence of abnormal constituents. This test provides important diagnostic information about gastrointestinal function, maldigestion, malabsorption, and inflammatory conditions.

The assessment includes evaluation of fecal fat, stool color, consistency, mucous content, food remnants, starch granules, and occult blood.

Fecal fat helps identify steatorrhea and fat malabsorption due to pancreatic or biliary dysfunction.

Stool color and form reflect bile flow, diet, and intestinal transit time.

Mucous or blood may indicate colitis, parasitic infection, or inflammatory bowel disease.

Undigested food or starch suggests impaired digestion or enzyme deficiency.

Clinically, this test is valuable for screening chronic gastrointestinal disturbances, monitoring digestive disorders, and evaluating nutritional status. When interpreted alongside fecal cytology, culture, or parasite testing, it provides a comprehensive picture of intestinal health and function.

The Fecal Fat test measures the amount of undigested or unabsorbed fat excreted in feces, serving as an important indicator of intestinal absorption efficiency and pancreatic exocrine function. Excess fecal fat, or steatorrhea, reflects abnormalities in fat digestion, absorption, or metabolism, and often indicates pancreatic insufficiency, biliary obstruction, or intestinal malabsorption.

Fecal fat is evaluated either qualitatively (microscopic examination of stained stool smears for fat droplets) or quantitatively (measuring total fat content over a timed collection). Increased fecal fat may accompany exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), cholestasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Clinically, this test is valuable for investigating chronic diarrhea, weight loss, poor coat quality, or failure to thrive, especially in animals with suspected pancreatic or intestinal disorders. It is often performed alongside fecal starch, protein, and microscopic examination for a complete evaluation of digestive function and nutrient absorption.

The Fecal Floatation test is a parasitologic diagnostic procedure used to detect nematode, cestode, and protozoan eggs or cysts in fecal samples. It is one of the most widely used methods for identifying gastrointestinal parasites that cause diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and poor growth in animals.

During the test, feces are mixed with a flotation solution of high specific gravity, causing parasite eggs and cysts to rise to the surface for microscopic examination. Commonly detected organisms include Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Trichuris, Strongyloides, Isospora, Eimeria, and Giardia. The test may be performed using centrifugal or passive flotation methods, with zinc sulfate or sugar solutions providing optimal recovery of delicate cysts.

Clinically, fecal floatation is essential for routine parasite screening, diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasitism, and monitoring of treatment efficacy. It is recommended as part of preventive health programs, particularly for young, outdoor, or group-housed animals, and helps reduce zoonotic and herd transmission of intestinal parasites.